User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions
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==== Tense/Aspect ==== | ==== Tense/Aspect ==== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix | ! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix | ||
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix | ! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix | ||
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!Alternative | !Alternative | ||
|- | |- | ||
|None | | style="width:60px;" |None | ||
| | | style="width:40px;" | | ||
|None | | style="width:60px;" |None | ||
| | | style="width:40px;" | | ||
|Gnomic | |Gnomic | ||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | ||
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==== Mood ==== | ==== Mood ==== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan="2" |Type | ! colspan="2" |Type | ||
! colspan="2" |Mood | ! colspan="2" |Mood | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" |Realis | | colspan="2" |Realis | ||
|Indicative | | style="width:100px;" |Indicative | ||
| | | style="width:40px;" | | ||
|Factual statement | |Factual statement | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="9" |Irrealis | | rowspan="9" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis | ||
| rowspan="3" |Epistemic | | rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic | ||
|Alethic | |Alethic | ||
| | | | ||
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==== Case ==== | ==== Case ==== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan="2" |Case | ! colspan="2" |Case | ||
!Use | !Use | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Nominative | | style="width:120px;" |Nominative | ||
| | | style="width:40px;" | | ||
|Marks the agent of a verb | |Marks the agent of a verb | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==== Number ==== | ==== Number ==== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan="2" |Number | ! colspan="2" |Number | ||
!Use | !Use | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Singulative | | style="width:80px;" |Singulative | ||
| | | style="width:40px;" | | ||
|Marks a single object of a mass noun | |Marks a single object of a mass noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! rowspan="2" |Person | ! rowspan="2" |Person | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number | ||
! colspan="4" |Case | ! colspan="4" |Case | ||
|- | |- | ||
!NOM | ! style="width:40px;" |NOM | ||
!ABS | ! style="width:40px;" |ABS | ||
!DAT | ! style="width:40px;" |DAT | ||
!GEN | ! style="width:40px;" |GEN | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" |First | | rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First | ||
| colspan="2" |Singular | | colspan="2" |Singular | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" |Plural | | rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural | ||
|Exclusive | | style="width:60px;" |Exclusive | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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=== Determiners === | === Determiners === | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type | ||
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative | ! colspan="3" |Demonstrative | ||
!Interrogative | ! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="width:80px;" |Proximal | ||
! style="width:80px;" |Medial | |||
!Medial | ! style="width:80px;" |Distal | ||
!Distal | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Object | |Object | ||
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==== Quantifiers ==== | ==== Quantifiers ==== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan="2" |Type | ! colspan="2" |Type | ||
!Use | !Use | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Universal | | style="width:100px;" |Universal | ||
| | | style="width:80px;" | | ||
|Every option | |Every option | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="6" |Existential | | rowspan="6" |Existential | ||
| | | | ||
| rowspan="6" |An unspecified | | rowspan="6" |An unspecified amount of options | ||
amount of options | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Adjectives and Adverbs === | === '''Adjectives and Adverbs''' === | ||
=== Adpositions === | === '''Adpositions''' === | ||
=== Numerals === | === Numerals === | ||
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5 | Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5 | ||
=== Derivation === | === '''Derivation''' === | ||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == |
Revision as of 17:01, 9 March 2015
Phonology
Inventory
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||
Stop | p | t | k | |
Fricative | f β | s ð | ɣ | h |
Flap | ɾ | |||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ə̥ | o oː |
Open | a aː |
Phonotactics
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
- C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel
Consonant Clusters
pɾ | tɾ | kɾ | βɾ | ðɾ | ɣɾ | m | p | t | k | f | h | β | ð | ɣ | n | s | ɾ | l | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | npɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | nβɾ | nðɾ | nɣɾ | nm | np | nt | nk | nf | nh | nβ | nð | nɣ | - | ns | - | - |
s | spɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | sβɾ | sðɾ | sɣɾ | sm | sp | st | sk | sf | sh | sβ | sð | sɣ | sn | - | - | sl |
ɾ | ɾpɾ | ɾtɾ | ɾkɾ | ɾβɾ | ɾðɾ | ɾɣɾ | ɾm | ɾp | ɾt | ɾk | ɾf | ɾh | ɾβ | ɾð | ɾɣ | ɾn | ɾs | ɾɾ | ɾl |
l | lpɾ | ltɾ | lkɾ | lβɾ | lðɾ | lɣɾ | lm | lp | lt | lk | lf | lh | lβ | lð | lɣ | ln | ls | - | - |
Stress
Allophony
- Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
- [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
- [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
- [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
- [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
- [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
- [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]
Ortography
Script
Romanization
Phoneme | Grapheme |
---|---|
Consonants | |
m | m |
n | n |
p | p |
t | t |
k | k |
f | f |
β | b |
s | s |
ð | d |
ɣ | g |
h | h |
ɾ | r |
l | l |
Vowels | |
a | a |
e | e |
i | i |
o | o |
u | u |
ə̥ | ' |
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
1st Affix | 2nd Affix | Tense / Aspect | Alternative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | None | Gnomic | - | ||
Past | None | Past perfective | - | ||
Past | Past retrospective | Distant past | |||
Present | Past continuous | - | |||
Future | Past prospective | - | |||
Present | None | Present perfective | - | ||
Past | Present retrospective | Near past | |||
Present | Present continuous | - | |||
Future | Present prospective | Near future | |||
Future | None | Future perfective | - | ||
Past | Future retrospective | - | |||
Present | Future continuous | - | |||
Future | Future prospective | Distant future |
Mood
Type | Mood | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Realis | Indicative | Factual statement | ||
Irrealis | Epistemic | Alethic | States truth or logical necessity | |
Potential | States probability of something happening | |||
Deductive | States something supported by indirect evidence | |||
Deontic | Desiderative | States internal desire for something | ||
Expectative | States external desire for something | |||
Necessitative | States internal necessity for something | |||
Directive | States external necessity for something | |||
Capacitative | States internal ability to do something | |||
Permissive | States external ability to do something |
Nouns
Case
Case | Use | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Marks the agent of a verb | |
Absolutive | Marks the object of a verb | |
Dative benefactive | Marks the indirect object of the verb | |
Genitive | Marks possession of or relation with something | |
Instrumental | Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action | |
Comitative | Mark accompaniment of something | |
Privative | Marks the lack of company by something | |
Locative | Marks the location or time of the action |
Number
Number | Use | |
---|---|---|
Singulative | Marks a single object of a mass noun | |
Plurative | Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns |
Pronouns
Person | Number | Case | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ABS | DAT | GEN | |||
First | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Second | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Third | Singular | |||||
Plural |
Determiners
Type | Demonstrative | Interrogative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||
Object | ||||
Manner | ||||
Reason | ||||
Location | ||||
Time |
Quantifiers
Type | Use | |
---|---|---|
Universal | Every option | |
Existential | An unspecified amount of options | |
Negatory | No option | |
Elective | Any option | |
Alternative | A different option |
Adjectives and Adverbs
Adpositions
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5