User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions
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=== | === Adpositions === | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! colspan="2" |Type | |||
! | |||
!Use | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="15" style="width:80px;" |Spatial | |||
| rowspan="7" style="width:80px;" |Location | |||
| style="width:60px;" | | |||
|Above, on the surface | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Below | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|In front of | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Behind | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Near | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Between, amongst | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Inside | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="8" |Movement | |||
| | |||
|Over, across the surface | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Under | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Through | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|To (direction) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|To (destination) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|From (origin) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Into | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Out from | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Temporal | |||
| | |||
|Since | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Before | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|During | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|After | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|Until | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Composition | |||
| | |||
|Of | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Purpose | |||
| | |||
|In order to | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Cause | |||
| | |||
|Because of | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Reference | |||
| | |||
|About | |||
|} | |||
=== Numerals === | === Numerals === |
Revision as of 18:54, 9 March 2015
Phonology
Inventory
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||
Stop | p | t | k | |
Fricative | f β | s ð | ɣ | h |
Flap | ɾ | |||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ə̥ | o oː |
Open | a aː |
Phonotactics
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
- C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel
Consonant Clusters
pɾ | tɾ | kɾ | βɾ | ðɾ | ɣɾ | m | p | t | k | f | h | β | ð | ɣ | n | s | ɾ | l | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | npɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | nβɾ | nðɾ | nɣɾ | nm | np | nt | nk | nf | nh | nβ | nð | nɣ | - | ns | - | - |
s | spɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | sβɾ | sðɾ | sɣɾ | sm | sp | st | sk | sf | sh | sβ | sð | sɣ | sn | - | - | sl |
ɾ | ɾpɾ | ɾtɾ | ɾkɾ | ɾβɾ | ɾðɾ | ɾɣɾ | ɾm | ɾp | ɾt | ɾk | ɾf | ɾh | ɾβ | ɾð | ɾɣ | ɾn | ɾs | ɾɾ | ɾl |
l | lpɾ | ltɾ | lkɾ | lβɾ | lðɾ | lɣɾ | lm | lp | lt | lk | lf | lh | lβ | lð | lɣ | ln | ls | - | - |
Stress
Allophony
- Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
- [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
- [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
- [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
- [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
- [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
- [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]
Ortography
Script
Monograph syllables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
' | a | e | i | o | u | |
∅ | ||||||
m | ||||||
n | ||||||
p | ||||||
t | ||||||
k | ||||||
b | ||||||
d | ||||||
g | ||||||
f | ||||||
s | ||||||
h | ||||||
r | ||||||
l | ||||||
Diacritic syllables | ||||||
' | a | e | i | o | u | |
pr | ||||||
tr | ||||||
kr | ||||||
br | ||||||
dr | ||||||
gr | ||||||
Single consonants | ||||||
n | ||||||
s | ||||||
r | ||||||
l |
Romanization
Phoneme | Grapheme |
---|---|
Consonants | |
m | m |
n | n |
p | p |
t | t |
k | k |
f | f |
β | b |
s | s |
ð | d |
ɣ | g |
h | h |
ɾ | r |
l | l |
Vowels | |
a | a |
e | e |
i | i |
o | o |
u | u |
aː | aa |
eː | ee |
iː | ii |
oː | oo |
uː | uu |
ə̥ | ' |
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
1st Affix | 2nd Affix | Tense / Aspect | Alternative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | None | Gnomic | - | ||
Past | None | Past perfective | - | ||
Past | Past retrospective | Distant past | |||
Present | Past continuous | - | |||
Future | Past prospective | - | |||
Present | None | Present perfective | - | ||
Past | Present retrospective | Near past | |||
Present | Present continuous | - | |||
Future | Present prospective | Near future | |||
Future | None | Future perfective | - | ||
Past | Future retrospective | - | |||
Present | Future continuous | - | |||
Future | Future prospective | Distant future |
Mood
Type | Mood | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Realis | Indicative | Factual statement | ||
Irrealis | Epistemic | Alethic | States truth or logical necessity | |
Potential | States probability of something happening | |||
Deductive | States something supported by indirect evidence | |||
Deontic | Desiderative | States internal desire for something | ||
Expectative | States external desire for something | |||
Necessitative | States internal necessity for something | |||
Directive | States external necessity for something | |||
Capacitative | States internal ability to do something | |||
Permissive | States external ability to do something |
Nouns
Case
Case | Use | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Marks the agent of a verb | |
Absolutive | Marks the object of a verb | |
Dative benefactive | Marks the indirect object of the verb | |
Genitive | Marks possession of or relation with something | |
Instrumental | Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action | |
Comitative | Mark accompaniment of something | |
Privative | Marks the lack of company by something | |
Locative | Marks the location or time of the action |
Number
Number | Use | |
---|---|---|
Singulative | Marks a single object of a mass noun | |
Plurative | Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns |
Pronouns
Person | Number | Case | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ABS | DAT | GEN | |||
First | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Second | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Third | Singular | |||||
Plural |
Determiners
Type | Demonstrative | Interrogative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||
Object | ||||
Manner | ||||
Reason | ||||
Location | ||||
Time |
Quantifiers
Type | Use | |
---|---|---|
Universal | Every option | |
Existential | An unspecified amount of options | |
Negatory | No option | |
Elective | Any option | |
Alternative | A different option |
Adpositions
Type | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spatial | Location | Above, on the surface | |
Below | |||
In front of | |||
Behind | |||
Near | |||
Between, amongst | |||
Inside | |||
Movement | Over, across the surface | ||
Under | |||
Through | |||
To (direction) | |||
To (destination) | |||
From (origin) | |||
Into | |||
Out from | |||
Temporal | Since | ||
Before | |||
During | |||
After | |||
Until | |||
Composition | Of | ||
Purpose | In order to | ||
Cause | Because of | ||
Reference | About |
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5