User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8

Phonology

Inventory

Consonants

	Labial	Coronal	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Stop	p	t	k
Fricative	f β	s ð	ɣ	h
Flap		ɾ
Lateral		l

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː	ə̥	o oː
Open	a aː

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

• C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
• C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
• V: Any vowel

Consonant Clusters

	pɾ	tɾ	kɾ	βɾ	ðɾ	ɣɾ	m	p	t	k	f	h	β	ð	ɣ	n	s	ɾ	l
n	npɾ	ntɾ	nkɾ	nβɾ	nðɾ	nɣɾ	nm	np	nt	nk	nf	nh	nβ	nð	nɣ	-	ns	-	-
s	spɾ	ntɾ	nkɾ	sβɾ	sðɾ	sɣɾ	sm	sp	st	sk	sf	sh	sβ	sð	sɣ	sn	-	-	sl
ɾ	ɾpɾ	ɾtɾ	ɾkɾ	ɾβɾ	ɾðɾ	ɾɣɾ	ɾm	ɾp	ɾt	ɾk	ɾf	ɾh	ɾβ	ɾð	ɾɣ	ɾn	ɾs	ɾɾ	ɾl
l	lpɾ	ltɾ	lkɾ	lβɾ	lðɾ	lɣɾ	lm	lp	lt	lk	lf	lh	lβ	lð	lɣ	ln	ls	-	-

Allophony

• Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
• [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
• [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
• [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
• [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
• [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
• [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]

Ortography

Romanization

Phoneme	Grapheme
Consonants
m	m
n	n
p	p
t	t
k	k
f	f
β	b
s	s
ð	d
ɣ	g
h	h
ɾ	r
l	l
Vowels
a	a
e	e
i	i
o	o
u	u
aː	aa
eː	ee
iː	ii
oː	oo
uː	uu
ə̥	'

Script

Base syllables
	'	a	e	i	o	u
∅
m
n
p
t
k
b
d
g
f
s
h
r
l
Diacritic syllables
	'	a	e	i	o	u
pr
tr
kr
br
dr
gr
Single consonants
n
s
r
l

Morphology

Verbs

Tense/Aspect

1st Affix		2nd Affix		Tense / Aspect	Alternative
None		None		Gnomic
Past		None		Past perfective
		Past		Past retrospective	Distant past
		Present		Past continuous
		Future		Past prospective
Present		None		Present perfective
		Past		Present retrospective	Near past
		Present		Present continuous
		Future		Present prospective	Near future
Future		None		Future perfective
		Past		Future retrospective
		Present		Future continuous
		Future		Future prospective	Distant future

Mood

Type		Mood		Use
Realis		Indicative		Factual statement
Irrealis	Epistemic	Alethic		States truth or logical necessity
		Potential		States probability of something happening
		Deductive		States something supported by indirect evidence
	Deontic	Desiderative		States internal desire for something
		Expectative		States external desire for something
		Necessitative		States internal necessity for something
		Directive		States external necessity for something
		Capacitative		States internal ability to do something
		Permissive		States external ability to do something

Nouns

Case

Case		Use
Nominative		Marks the agent of a verb
Absolutive		Marks the object of a verb
Dative benefactive		Marks the indirect object of the verb
Genitive		Marks possession of or relation with something
Instrumental		Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
Comitative		Mark accompaniment of something
Privative		Marks the lack of company by something
Locative		Marks the location or time of the action

Number

Number		Use
Singulative		Marks a single object of a mass noun
Plurative		Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns

Pronouns

Person	Number		Case
			NOM	ABS	DAT	GEN
First	Singular
	Plural	Exclusive
		Inclusive
Second	Singular
	Plural	Exclusive
		Inclusive
Third	Singular
	Plural

Determiners

Type	Demonstrative			Interrogative
	Proximal	Medial	Distal
Object
Manner
Reason
Location
Time

Quantifiers

Type		Use
Universal		Every option
Existential		Large amount of
		V
		V
		V
		V
		Pair of
Negatory		No option
Elective		Any option
Alternative		A different option

Adpositions

Type			Use
Spatial	Location		Above, on the surface
			Below
			In front of
			Behind
			Near
			Between, amongst
			Inside
	Movement		Over, across the surface
			Under
			Through
			To (direction)
			To (destination)
			From (origin)
			Into
			Out from
Temporal			Since
			Before
			During
			After
			Until
Composition			Of
Purpose			In order to
Cause			Because of
Reference			About

Numerals

Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5

Single digit numbers

0	1	2	3	4
0	1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8	9
5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14
A	B	C	D	E
15	16	17	18	19
F	G	H	J	K

Multiple digit numbers

x400	x20	x1	Total
	2	E	34
	40	14
	C	4	244
	240	4
5	J	7	2367
2000	360	7

Syntax

Word order

• Verb
  • Adverb

• Preposition

• Noun
  • Adjective
  • Quantifier
  • Numeral
  • Genitive

Default sentence structure

• Verb
• Subject
• Object
• Indirect object
• Oblique argument
  • Time
  • Manner
  • Place

Relative clauses

Relative clauses are an exception to the VSOIX sentence structure as the referred argument always goes at the end of the clause taking the corresponding case for the clause first and the case corresponding to the parent clause second

Subject

be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen

The [he came late] guy is my cousin

Direct object

give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat

I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl

Indirect object

know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs

John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman

Genitive

tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs

The [his father died] boy told me something

Oblique

be he-nom [talk-pst-prs I-nom about man-Template:Abs]-abs

He is the [I was talking about him] man