User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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The [his father died] boy told me something
The [his father died] boy told me something
==== Oblique ====
be he-{{sc|nom}} [talk-{{sc|pst}}-{{sc|prs}} I-{{sc|nom}} about man-{{sc|dat}}]-{{sc|abs}}
He is the [I was talking about him] man

Revision as of 18:04, 10 March 2015

Phonology

Inventory

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop p t k
Fricative f β s ð ɣ h
Flap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə̥ o oː
Open a aː

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

(C1)V(C2)

  • C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
  • C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
  • V: Any vowel

Consonant Clusters

βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ m p t k f h β ð ɣ n s ɾ l
n npɾ ntɾ nkɾ nβɾ nðɾ nɣɾ nm np nt nk nf nh - ns - -
s spɾ ntɾ nkɾ sβɾ sðɾ sɣɾ sm sp st sk sf sh sn - - sl
ɾ ɾpɾ ɾtɾ ɾkɾ ɾβɾ ɾðɾ ɾɣɾ ɾm ɾp ɾt ɾk ɾf ɾh ɾβ ɾð ɾɣ ɾn ɾs ɾɾ ɾl
l lpɾ ltɾ lkɾ lβɾ lðɾ lɣɾ lm lp lt lk lf lh ln ls - -

Stress

Allophony

  • Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
  • [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
  • [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
  • [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
  • [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
  • [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
  • [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]

Ortography

Romanization

Phoneme Grapheme
Consonants
m m
n n
p p
t t
k k
f f
β b
s s
ð d
ɣ g
h h
ɾ r
l l
Vowels
a a
e e
i i
o o
u u
aa
ee
ii
oo
uu
ə̥ '

Script

Base syllables
' a e i o u
m
n
p
t
k
b
d
g
f
s
h
r
l
Diacritic syllables
' a e i o u
pr
tr
kr
br
dr
gr
Single consonants
n
s
r
l

Morphology

Verbs

Tense/Aspect

1st Affix 2nd Affix Tense / Aspect Alternative
None None Gnomic
Past None Past perfective
Past Past retrospective Distant past
Present Past continuous
Future Past prospective
Present None Present perfective
Past Present retrospective Near past
Present Present continuous
Future Present prospective Near future
Future None Future perfective
Past Future retrospective
Present Future continuous
Future Future prospective Distant future

Mood

Type Mood Use
Realis Indicative Factual statement
Irrealis Epistemic Alethic States truth or logical necessity
Potential States probability of something happening
Deductive States something supported by indirect evidence
Deontic Desiderative States internal desire for something
Expectative States external desire for something
Necessitative States internal necessity for something
Directive States external necessity for something
Capacitative States internal ability to do something
Permissive States external ability to do something

Nouns

Case

Case Use
Nominative Marks the agent of a verb
Absolutive Marks the object of a verb
Dative Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
Genitive Marks possession of or relation with something
Instrumental Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
Comitative Mark accompaniment of something
Privative Marks the lack of company by something
Locative Marks the location or time of the action

Number

Number Use
Singulative Marks a single object of a mass noun
Plurative Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns

Pronouns

Person Number Case
NOM ABS DAT GEN
First Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Second Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Third Singular
Plural

Determiners

Type Demonstrative Interrogative
Proximal Medial Distal
Object
Manner
Reason
Location
Time

Quantifiers

Type Use
Universal Every option
Existential Large amount of
V
V
V
V
Pair of
Negatory No option
Elective Any option
Alternative A different option

Adpositions

Type Use
Spatial Location Above, on the surface
Below
In front of
Behind
Near
Between, amongst
Inside
Movement Over, across the surface
Under
Through
To (direction)
To (destination)
From (origin)
Into
Out from
Temporal Since
Before
During
After
Until
Composition Of
Purpose In order to
Cause Because of
Reference About

Numerals

Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5

Single digit numbers
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
A B C D E
15 16 17 18 19
F G H J K


Multiple digit numbers
x400 x20 x1 Total
2 E 34
40 14
C 4 244
240 4
5 J 7 2367
2000 360 7

Derivation

Verbs

Nouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Syntax

Word order

  • Verb
    • Adverb
  • Preposition
  • Noun
    • Adjective
    • Quantifier
    • Numeral
    • Genitive

Default sentence structure

  • Verb
  • Subject
  • Object
  • Indirect object
  • Oblique argument
    • Time
    • Manner
    • Place

Relative clauses

Relative clauses are an exception to the VSOIX sentence structure as the referred argument always goes at the end of the clause taking the corresponding case for the clause first and the case corresponding to the parent clause second

Subject

be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen

The [he came late] guy is my cousin

Direct object

give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat

I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl

Indirect object

know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs

John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman

Genitive

tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs

The [his father died] boy told me something