User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8

Phonology

Inventory

Consonants

	Labial	Coronal	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Stop	p	t	k
Fricative	f β	s ð	ɣ	h
Flap		ɾ
Lateral		l

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː	ə̥	o oː
Open	a aː		ɒ ɒː

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

• C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
• C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
• V: Any vowel

Consonant Clusters

	pɾ	tɾ	kɾ	βɾ	ðɾ	ɣɾ	m	p	t	k	f	h	β	ð	ɣ	n	s	ɾ	l
n	npɾ	ntɾ	nkɾ	nβɾ	nðɾ	nɣɾ	nm	np	nt	nk	nf	nh	nβ	nð	nɣ		ns
s	spɾ	ntɾ	nkɾ	sβɾ	sðɾ	sɣɾ	sm	sp	st	sk	sf	sh	sβ	sð	sɣ	sn			sl
ɾ	ɾpɾ	ɾtɾ	ɾkɾ	ɾβɾ	ɾðɾ	ɾɣɾ	ɾm	ɾp	ɾt	ɾk	ɾf	ɾh	ɾβ	ɾð	ɾɣ	ɾn	ɾs	ɾɾ	ɾl
l	lpɾ	ltɾ	lkɾ	lβɾ	lðɾ	lɣɾ	lm	lp	lt	lk	lf	lh	lβ	lð	lɣ	ln	ls

Allophony

• Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
• [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
• [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
• [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
• [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
• [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
• [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]

Ortography

Romanization

Phoneme	Grapheme
Consonants
m	m
n	n
p	p
t	t
k	k
f	f
β	b
s	s
ð	d
ɣ	g
h	h
ɾ	r
l	l
Vowels
a	a
e	e
i	i
o	o
u	u
aː	aa
eː	ee
iː	ii
oː	oo
uː	uu
ə̥	'

Script

Base syllables
	'	a	e	i	o	u
∅
m
n
p
t
k
b
d
g
f
s
h
r
l
Diacritic syllables
	'	a	e	i	o	u
pr
tr
kr
br
dr
gr
Single consonants
n
s
r
l

Morphology

Verbs

Tense/Aspect

1st Affix		2nd Affix		Tense / Aspect	Alternative
None		None		Gnomic
Past		None		Past perfective
		Past		Past retrospective	Distant past
		Present		Past continuous
		Future		Past prospective
Present		None		Present perfective
		Past		Present retrospective	Near past
		Present		Present continuous
		Future		Present prospective	Near future
Future		None		Future perfective
		Past		Future retrospective
		Present		Future continuous
		Future		Future prospective	Distant future

Mood

Type		Mood		Use
Realis		Indicative		Factual statement
Irrealis	Epistemic	Alethic		States truth or logical necessity
		Potential		States probability of something happening
		Deductive		States something supported by indirect evidence
		Interrogative		Questions the action
	Deontic	Desiderative		States internal desire for something
		Expectative		States external desire for something
		Necessitative		States internal necessity for something
		Directive		States external necessity for something
		Capacitative		States internal ability to do something
		Permissive		States external ability to do something

Nouns

Case

Case		Use
Nominative		Marks the agent of a verb
Absolutive		Marks the object of a verb
Dative		Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
Genitive		Marks possession of or relation with something
Instrumental		Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
Locative		Marks the location or time of the action
Comitative		Mark accompaniment of something
Privative		Marks the lack of company by something
Alternative		Marks an alternative or choice to something

Number

Number		Use
Singulative		Marks a single object of a mass noun
Plurative		Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns

Pronouns

Person	Number		Case
			NOM	ABS	DAT	GEN
First	Singular
	Plural	Exclusive
		Inclusive
Second	Singular
	Plural	Exclusive
		Inclusive
Third	Singular
	Plural

Determiners

Type	Demonstrative			Interrogative
	Proximal	Medial	Distal
Object
Quality Amount
Manner
Reason
Location
Time

Quantifiers

Type		Use
Universal		Every option
Existential		Large amount of
		V
		V
		V
		V
		Pair of
Negatory		No option
Elective		Any option
Alternative		A different option

Adpositions

Type			Use
Spatial	Location		Above, on the surface
			Below
			In front of
			Behind
			Near
			Between, amongst
			Inside
	Movement		Over, across the surface
			Under
			Through
			To (direction)
			To (destination)
			From (origin)
			Into
			Out from
Temporal			Since
			Before
			During
			After
			Until
Composition			Of
Purpose			In order to
Cause			Because of
Reference			About

Numerals

Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5

Single digit numbers

0	1	2	3	4
0	1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8	9
5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14
A	B	C	D	E
15	16	17	18	19
F	G	H	J	K

Multiple digit numbers

x400	x20	x1	Total
	2	E	34
	40	14
	C	4	244
	240	4
5	J	7	2367
2000	360	7

Derivation

Affixation patterns

Verbs
Conversion			Pattern	Changes	Example
Root	→	Verb	Verbalization	-on -un
Verb	→	Verb	Opposite
Verb	→	Verb	Causative
Verb	→	Verb	Complementary
Nouns
Root	→	Noun	Nominalization	-∅, -r, -l
Noun	→	Noun	Augmentative
Noun	→	Noun	Diminutive
Noun	→	Noun	Place of...
Adjectives
Root	→	Adjective	Adjectivalization	-s
Adjective	→	Adjective	Augmentative
Adjective	→	Adjective	Diminutive
Adjective	→	Adjective	Opposite
Adverbs
Root	→	Adverb	Adverbalization	-s'r, -s'l
Adverb	→	Adverb	Augmentative
Adverb	→	Adverb	Diminutive
Adverb	→	Adverb	Opposite

Compounding patterns

Pattern	Construction	Example
HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER	HEAD + MODIFIER
HEAD originated from MODIFIER
HEAD made of MODIFIER
HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
Do HEAD to MODIFIER
Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER

Syntax

The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure

verbs - adverb - subject - object - ind. object - others

Word order

• Verb
  • Adverb

• Preposition
• Determiner

• Noun
  • Adjective
  • Quantifier
  • Numeral
  • Genitive

Default sentence structure

• Verb
• Subject
• Object
• Indirect object
• Oblique argument
  • Time
  • Manner
  • Place

Interrogative constructions

• Polar questions

come-pst-q friend.nom 2s.gen friday.loc last

Did your friend came last Friday?

• Non-polar questions

be-q how_much that river-nom wide

How wide is that river?

• Choice questions

drink-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom coffee-alt tea-alt

Do you want to drink coffee or tea?

eat-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom steak-abs burger-alt

Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?

Relative Constructions

• Subject

be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen

The [he came late] guy is my cousin

• Direct object

give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat

I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl

• Indirect object

know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs

John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman

• Genitive

tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs

The [his father died] boy told me something