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Gemendic: Difference between revisions

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→‎Vowels
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| utterance-final otherwise
| utterance-final otherwise
| [ɸ̞]
| [ɸ̞]
| ''scab'' "form, condition"
| ''escab'' "form, condition"
|
|
|-
|-
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| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
| [ɡ]
| ''ganguen'' "to go"
| ''gannen'' "to go"; ''senga'' "(I) sing"
|
|
|-
|-
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
| [ɡ]
| ''guitarra'' "guitar"
| ''guitarra'' "guitar"; ''senguen'' "to sing"
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞]
| [ɣ̞]
| ''ángueda'' "distress"
| ''bagueta'' "baguette"
|
|
|-
|-
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
| [ɡw]
| ''sengüen'' "to sing"
| ''ángüeda'' "distress"
|
|
|-
|-
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| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [x] or [h] or [ħ]
| [x] or [h] or [ħ] or ∅
| ''hando'' "hand"
| ''hando'' "hand"
|  
| Some speakers do not pronounce ⟨h⟩ at all or only pronounce it in foreign words.
|-
|-
| everywhere (rare)
| everywhere (rare)
| Ø
| Ø
| ''honest'' "honest"
| ''honest'' "honest"
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced /x/ as a spelling pronunciation.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''j'''
| rowspan="2"| '''j'''
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| before other consonants
| before other consonants
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
| ''ango'' "narrow, distressing"
| ''anguo'' "narrow, distressing"
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
|-
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [ʃ]
| [ʃ]
| ''sceldo'' "shield"
| ''esceldo'' "shield"
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere else
| elsewhere else
| [sk]
| [sk]
| ''scura'' "tornado, windstorm"
| ''escura'' "tornado, windstorm"
|
|
|-
|-
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| '''a, á'''
| '''a, á'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[ä]
| style="text-align:center;"|[ä]
| ''gat'' "cat", ''sultán'' "sulta"
| ''gat'' "cat", ''sultán'' "sultan"
|  
|  
|-
|-
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| '''u'''
| '''u'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[u]
| style="text-align:center;"|[u]
| ''scura'' "windstorm", ''atún'' "tuna"
| ''escura'' "windstorm", ''atún'' "tuna"
|
|
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Masculine
! Masculine
| ''te'', <i>t'</i> (before vowels) || ''tes''
| ''de'', <i>d'</i> (before vowels) || ''des''
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| ''ta'', <i>t'</i> (before ''a'') || ''tos''
| ''da'', <i>d'</i> (before ''a'') || ''dos''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''voste'' || rowspan="2"| ''si'' || rowspan="2"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || <i>ne, n'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''nes'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''ses'' || rowspan="2"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''jeste'' || rowspan="2"| ''si'' || rowspan="2"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || <i>ne, n'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''nes'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''ses'' || rowspan="2"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos''
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vostes'' || rowspan="8"| ''si'' ||rowspan="7"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="7"| ''ses'' || rowspan="7"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''jestes'' || rowspan="8"| ''si'' ||rowspan="7"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="7"| ''ses'' || rowspan="7"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos''
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
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*''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèza, maneza'' "more"
*''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèza, maneza'' "more"
*''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennza, foza'' "less, fewer"
*''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennza, foza'' "less, fewer"
*''megle'' "big, great" → ''mèza'' "bigger, greater"
*''melle'' "big, great" → ''mèza'' "bigger, greater"
*''ligle'' "small, little" → ''mennza'' "smaller"
*''lille'' "small, little" → ''mennza'' "smaller"
*''jong'' "young" → ''joza'' "younger"
*''jong'' "young" → ''joza'' "younger"
*''sene'' "old" → ''alza'' "older"
*''sene'' "old" → ''alza'' "older"
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*''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèst, manest'' "very much, very many"
*''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèst, manest'' "very much, very many"
*''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennst, fost'' "very few, very little"
*''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennst, fost'' "very few, very little"
*''megle'' "big, great" → ''mèst'' "very big, very great"
*''melle'' "big, great" → ''mèst'' "very big, very great"
*''ligle'' "small, little" → ''mennst'' "very small"
*''lille'' "small, little" → ''mennst'' "very small"
*''jong'' "young" → ''jost'' "very young"
*''jong'' "young" → ''jost'' "very young"
*''sene'' "old" → ''alst'' "very old"
*''sene'' "old" → ''alst'' "very old"
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Some adverbs are irregular. These include:
Some adverbs are irregular. These include:
*''go'' "good" → ''vèla'' "well"
*''go'' "good" → ''vèla'' "well"
*''mane'' "much, many"; ''megle'' "big, great" → ''felo'' "much, greatly, very"
*''mane'' "much, many"; ''melle'' "big, great" → ''felo'' "much, greatly, very"


====Comparative and Superlative====
====Comparative and Superlative====
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* ''vèla'' "well" → ''bais, yos'' "better"; ''baist, yost'' "very well"
* ''vèla'' "well" → ''bais, yos'' "better"; ''baist, yost'' "very well"
*''oblo'' "badly" → ''vers'' "worse"; ''verst'' "very badly"
*''oblo'' "badly" → ''vers'' "worse"; ''verst'' "very badly"
*''meglo'' "greatly, very" → ''mès'' "greater, more"; ''mèst'' "very greatly, very much"
*''mello'' "greatly, very" → ''mès'' "greater, more"; ''mèst'' "very greatly, very much"
*''liglo'' "to a small extent" → ''menns'' "less"; ''mennst'' "to a very small extent, hardly"
*''lillo'' "to a small extent" → ''menns'' "less"; ''mennst'' "to a very small extent, hardly"


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| five || fifta || fift
| finf || finta || fint
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| seis || sesta || sest
| seis || sèsta || sèst
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
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|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ten || tenda || tend
| tèn || tènda || tènd
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| èlve || elveda || elved
| èlf || elveda || elved
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| tualve || tualveda || tualved
| tualf || tualveda || tualved
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
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|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| fiften || fiftenda || fiftend
| finten || fintenda || fintend
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
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|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| ten-sevenden || sevendenda || sevendend
| sevenden || sevendenda || sevendend
|-
|-
! 18
! 18
| ten-eitoden || eitodenda || eitodend
| eitoden || eitodenda || eitodend
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| ten-nionden || niondenda || niondend
| nionden || niondenda || niondend
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
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|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| fiftes || fiftesta || fiftest
| fintes || fintesta || fintest
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| sestes || sestesta || sestest
| sèstes || sestesta || sestest
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
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| billón || billonsta || billonst
| billón || billonsta || billonst
|}
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Verb conjugation====
Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations
Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations
====='''Non-finite forms'''=====
====Non-finite forms====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs
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² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.-->
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.-->


====='''Simple tenses'''=====
====Simple tenses====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-en'' verbs)
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-en'' verbs)
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|-
|-
|}
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs)
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs)
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====='''Imperative'''=====
====Imperative====
*'''Affirmative:'''
*'''Affirmative:'''
**'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative.
**'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative.
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*'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive.
*'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive.
-->
-->
 
====Compound tenses====
====='''Compound tenses'''=====
Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''haven'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb.
Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''haven'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb.
*Non-finite forms:
*Non-finite forms:
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====='''Periphrastic tenses'''=====
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''=====
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.-->
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.-->
 
====Passive====
====='''Passive'''=====
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''vesen'' "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle.
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''vesen'' "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle.
<!--
<!--
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter.-->
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter.-->
====='''Irregular verbs'''=====
====Irregular verbs====
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected ''-ed-/-od-'' suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. ''-a, -es,...'' in the indicative and ''-o, -es,...'' in the subjunctive).
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected ''-ed-/-od-'' suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. ''-a, -es,...'' in the indicative and ''-o, -es,...'' in the subjunctive).
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived:
* Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived:
** If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a dental suffix (''-t-, ''-d-'', or ''-s-''): The past participle is identical to the imperfect stem.
** If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a dental suffix (''-t-'', ''-d-'', or ''-s-''): The past participle is identical to the imperfect stem.
** If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a vowel change or otherwise formed without a dental suffix: The past participle is formed from the present stem with the suffix ''-en-''.
** If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a vowel change or otherwise formed without a dental suffix: The past participle is formed from the present stem with the suffix ''-en-''.
** A few verbs may not follow the above pattern.
** A few verbs may not follow the above pattern.
* Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem.
* Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem.
* Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between ''-è-'' and ''-e-'', or ''-ò-'' and ''-o-'' (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed).
* Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between ''-è-'' and ''-e-'', or ''-ò-'' and ''-o-'' (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed).
* Some verbs whose stem end in ''-c-'' or ''-g-'' maintain their spelling in all forms with the associated pronunciation changes. Others maintain their pronunciation in all forms with the associated spelling changes.
====Some important irregular verbs====
=====The verb ''vesen'' "to be"=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Non-finite forms of ''vesen'' "to be"
! Infinitive
| vesen
|-
! Past participle
| vesen/vésenes, vésena/vésenos
|-
! Present participle (Gerundive)
| vesend
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses of ''vesen'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| ben || sío || vesa || veso || verré || verría
|-
! 2S
| bes || síes || veses || veses || verrás || verríes || ves
|-
! 3S
| es || síe || vesa || vese || verrá || verría
|-
! 1P
| semos || siemos || vésemos || vésemos || verremos || verrríemos
|-
! 2P
| seis || sieis || véseis || véseis || verréis || verríeis || vesed
|-
! 3P
| sen || síen || vesen || vesen || verrán || verríen
|-
|}
=====The verb ''haven'' "to have"=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Non-finite forms of ''haven'' "to have"
! Infinitive
| haven
|-
! Past participle
| hed/hedes, heda/hedos
|-
! Present participle (Gerundive)
| hend
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses of ''haven'' "to have"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| he || havo || heda || hedo || hané || hanía
|-
! 2S
| has || haves || hedes || hedes || hanás || haníes || ha
|-
! 3S
| ha || have || heda || hede || haná || hanía
|-
! 1P
| havemos || havemos || hédemos || hédemos || hanemos || haníemos
|-
! 2P
| havéis || havéis || hedeis || hedeis || hanéis || haníeis || haved
|-
! 3P
| han || haven || heden || heden || hanán || haníen
|-
|}
=====The verb ''están'' "to be"=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Non-finite forms of ''están'' "to be"
! Infinitive
| están
|-
! Past participle
| estod/estodes, estoda/estodos
|-
! Present participle (Gerundive)
| estand
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses of ''están'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esté || estó || estoda || estodo || estané || estanía
|-
! 2S
| estás || estés || estodes || estodes || estanás || estaníes || está
|-
! 3S
| está || esté || estoda || estode || estaná || estanía
|-
! 1P
| estamos || estemos || estódemos || estódemos || estanemos || estaníemos
|-
! 2P
| estáis || estéis || estodeis || estodeis || estanéis || estaníeis || estad
|-
! 3P
| están || estén || estoden || estoden || estanán || estaníen
|-
|}
=====The verb ''gannen'' "to go"=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Non-finite forms of ''gannen'' "to go"
! Infinitive
| gannen
|-
! Past participle
| gannen/gánnenes, gánnena/gánnenos
|-
! Present participle (Gerundive)
| gannend
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses of ''gannen'' "to go"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| gue || ganno || eça || eço || gané || ganía
|-
! 2S
| gas || gannes || eçes || eçes || ganás || ganíes || ga
|-
! 3S
| ga || ganne || eça || eçe || ganá || ganía
|-
! 1P
| gannemos || gannemos || éçemos || éçemos || ganemos || ganíemos
|-
! 2P
| gannéis || gannéis || eçeis || eçeis || ganéis || ganíeis || ganned
|-
! 3P
| gan || gannen || eçen || eçen || ganán || ganíen
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Alles tes vésenes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.
Alles des vésenes manesques se boren fríes o sambres en vèrde o reites. Esses están escencedes me freça o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.


'''IPA:''' /ˈaʎes tes ˈvezenes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/
'''IPA:''' /ˈaʎes ðes ˈvezenes maˈneskes se ˈβoɾen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈvɛɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan eʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾesa o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic_languages]]
[[Category:East_Germanic_languages]]
Shariifka
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