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(20 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
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| utterance-final otherwise | | utterance-final otherwise | ||
| [ɸ̞] | | [ɸ̞] | ||
| '' | | ''escab'' "form, condition" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | | not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ɡ] | | [ɡ] | ||
| ''gannen'' "to go"; '' | | ''gannen'' "to go"; ''senga'' "(I) sing" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ɡ] | | [ɡ] | ||
| ''guitarra'' "guitar" | | ''guitarra'' "guitar"; ''senguen'' "to sing" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | ||
| [ɣ̞] | | [ɣ̞] | ||
| '' | | ''bagueta'' "baguette" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ɡw] | | [ɡw] | ||
| '' | | ''ángüeda'' "distress" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| before other consonants | | before other consonants | ||
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | ||
| '' | | ''anguo'' "narrow, distressing" | ||
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | ||
| [ʃ] | | [ʃ] | ||
| '' | | ''esceldo'' "shield" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elsewhere else | | elsewhere else | ||
| [sk] | | [sk] | ||
| '' | | ''escura'' "tornado, windstorm" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''a, á''' | | '''a, á''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[ä] | | style="text-align:center;"|[ä] | ||
| ''gat'' "cat", ''sultán'' " | | ''gat'' "cat", ''sultán'' "sultan" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''u''' | | '''u''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[u] | | style="text-align:center;"|[u] | ||
| '' | | ''escura'' "windstorm", ''atún'' "tuna" | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Masculine | ! Masculine | ||
| '' | | ''de'', <i>d'</i> (before vowels) || ''des'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
| '' | | ''da'', <i>d'</i> (before ''a'') || ''dos'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine | ! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| '' | | rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''jeste'' || rowspan="2"| ''si'' || rowspan="2"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || <i>ne, n'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''nes'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''ses'' || rowspan="2"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine | ! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| '' | | rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''jestes'' || rowspan="8"| ''si'' ||rowspan="7"| ''sin/sines, sina/sinos'' || ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| ''nes'' || rowspan="7"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="7"| ''ses'' || rowspan="7"| ''se(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
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*''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèza, maneza'' "more" | *''mane'' "much, many" → ''mèza, maneza'' "more" | ||
*''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennza, foza'' "less, fewer" | *''fò'' "few, little" → ''mennza, foza'' "less, fewer" | ||
*'' | *''melle'' "big, great" → ''mèza'' "bigger, greater" | ||
*'' | *''lille'' "small, little" → ''mennza'' "smaller" | ||
*''jong'' "young" → ''joza'' "younger" | *''jong'' "young" → ''joza'' "younger" | ||
*''sene'' "old" → ''alza'' "older" | *''sene'' "old" → ''alza'' "older" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| | | finf || finta || fint | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| | | èlf || elveda || elved | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| | | tualf || tualveda || tualved | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
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====Some important irregular verbs==== | ====Some important irregular verbs==== | ||
=====The verb ''vesen'' "to be"===== | =====The verb ''vesen'' "to be"===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of ''vesen'' "to be" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| vesen | |||
|- | |||
! Past participle | |||
| vesen/vésenes, vésena/vésenos | |||
|- | |||
! Present participle (Gerundive) | |||
| vesend | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple tenses of ''vesen'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| ben || sío || vesa || veso || verré || verría | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| bes || síes || veses || veses || verrás || verríes || ves | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| es || síe || vesa || vese || verrá || verría | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| semos || siemos || vésemos || vésemos || verremos || verrríemos | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| seis || sieis || véseis || véseis || verréis || verríeis || vesed | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| sen || síen || vesen || vesen || verrán || verríen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====The verb ''haven'' "to have"===== | =====The verb ''haven'' "to have"===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of ''haven'' "to have" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| haven | |||
|- | |||
! Past participle | |||
| hed/hedes, heda/hedos | |||
|- | |||
! Present participle (Gerundive) | |||
| hend | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple tenses of ''haven'' "to have" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| he || havo || heda || hedo || hané || hanía | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| has || haves || hedes || hedes || hanás || haníes || ha | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ha || have || heda || hede || haná || hanía | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| havemos || havemos || hédemos || hédemos || hanemos || haníemos | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| havéis || havéis || hedeis || hedeis || hanéis || haníeis || haved | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| han || haven || heden || heden || hanán || haníen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====The verb ''están'' "to be"===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of ''están'' "to be" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| están | |||
|- | |||
! Past participle | |||
| estod/estodes, estoda/estodos | |||
|- | |||
! Present participle (Gerundive) | |||
| estand | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple tenses of ''están'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| esté || estó || estoda || estodo || estané || estanía | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| estás || estés || estodes || estodes || estanás || estaníes || está | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| está || esté || estoda || estode || estaná || estanía | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| estamos || estemos || estódemos || estódemos || estanemos || estaníemos | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| estáis || estéis || estodeis || estodeis || estanéis || estaníeis || estad | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| están || estén || estoden || estoden || estanán || estaníen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====The verb ''gannen'' "to go"===== | =====The verb ''gannen'' "to go"===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of ''gannen'' "to go" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| gannen | |||
|- | |||
! Past participle | |||
| gannen/gánnenes, gánnena/gánnenos | |||
|- | |||
! Present participle (Gerundive) | |||
| gannend | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple tenses of ''gannen'' "to go" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present ind. !! Present subj. !! Imperfect ind. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future !! Conditional !! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| gue || ganno || eça || eço || gané || ganía | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| gas || gannes || eçes || eçes || ganás || ganíes || ga | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ga || ganne || eça || eçe || ganá || ganía | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| gannemos || gannemos || éçemos || éçemos || ganemos || ganíemos | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| gannéis || gannéis || eçeis || eçeis || ganéis || ganíeis || ganned | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| gan || gannen || eçen || eçen || ganán || ganíen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Alles | Alles des vésenes manesques se boren fríes o sambres en vèrde o reites. Esses están escencedes me freça o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse. | ||
'''IPA:''' /ˈaʎes | '''IPA:''' /ˈaʎes ðes ˈvezenes maˈneskes se ˈβoɾen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈvɛɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan eʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾesa o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/ | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic_languages]] | |||
[[Category:East_Germanic_languages]] |
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