User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 03:03, 14 March 2015

Phonology

Inventory

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop p t k
Fricative f β s ð ɣ h
Flap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə̥ o oː
Open a aː ɒ ɒː

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

(C1)V(C2)

  • C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
  • C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
  • V: Any vowel

Consonant Clusters

pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ m p t k f h β ð ɣ n s ɾ l
n npɾ ntɾ nkɾ nβɾ nðɾ nɣɾ nm np nt nk nf nh nβ nð nɣ ns
s spɾ ntɾ nkɾ sβɾ sðɾ sɣɾ sm sp st sk sf sh sβ sð sɣ sn sl
ɾ ɾpɾ ɾtɾ ɾkɾ ɾβɾ ɾðɾ ɾɣɾ ɾm ɾp ɾt ɾk ɾf ɾh ɾβ ɾð ɾɣ ɾn ɾs ɾɾ ɾl
l lpɾ ltɾ lkɾ lβɾ lðɾ lɣɾ lm lp lt lk lf lh lβ lð lɣ ln ls

Stress

Allophony

  • Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
  • [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
  • [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
  • [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
  • [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
  • [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
  • [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]

Ortography

Rune Latin IPA Name
Muna rune m.png m /m/
Muna rune n.png n /n/
Muna rune p.png p /p/
Muna rune t.png t /t/
Muna rune k.png k /k/
Muna rune f.png f /f/
Muna rune b.png b /β/
Muna rune s.png s /s/
Muna rune d.png d /ð/
Muna rune g.png g /ɣ/
Muna rune h.png h /h/
Muna rune r.png r /ɾ/
Muna rune l.png l /l/
Muna rune a.png a /a/
Muna rune q.png q /ɒ/
Muna rune e.png e /e/
Muna rune o.png o /o/
Muna rune i.png i /i/
Muna rune u.png u /u/
Muna rune '.png ' /ə̥/

Morphology

Verbs

Tense/Aspect

1st Affix 2nd Affix Tense / Aspect Alternative
None None Gnomic
Past None Past perfective
Past Past retrospective Distant past
Present Past continuous
Future Past prospective
Present None Present perfective
Past Present retrospective Near past
Present Present continuous
Future Present prospective Near future
Future None Future perfective
Past Future retrospective
Present Future continuous
Future Future prospective Distant future

Mood

Type Mood Use
Realis Indicative Factual statement
Irrealis Epistemic Alethic States truth or logical necessity
Potential States probability of something happening
Deductive States something supported by indirect evidence
Interrogative Questions the action
Deontic Desiderative States internal desire for something
Expectative States external desire for something
Necessitative States internal necessity for something
Directive States external necessity for something
Capacitative States internal ability to do something
Permissive States external ability to do something

Nouns

Case

Case Use
Nominative -a -e -i Marks the agent of a verb
Absolutive -q -o -u Marks the object of a verb
Dative Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
Genitive Marks possession of or relation with something
Instrumental Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
Locative Marks the location or time of the action
Comitative Mark accompaniment of something
Privative Marks the lack of company by something
Alternative Marks an alternative or choice to something

Number

Number Use
Singulative Marks a single object of a mass noun
Plurative Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns

Pronouns

Person Number Case
NOM ABS DAT GEN
First Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Second Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Third Singular
Plural

Determiners

Type Demonstrative Interrogative
Proximal Medial Distal
Object
Quality Amount
Manner
Reason
Location
Time

Quantifiers

Type Use
Universal Every option
Existential Large amount of
V
V
V
V
Pair of
Negatory No option
Elective Any option
Alternative A different option

Adpositions

Type Use
Spatial Location Above, on the surface
Below
In front of
Behind
Near
Between, amongst
Inside
Movement Over, across the surface
Under
By, near
Through
To (direction)
To (destination)
From (origin)
Into
Out from
Temporal Since
Before
During
After
Until
Composition Of
Purpose In order to
Cause Because of
Reference About

Particles

Numerals

Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5

Single digit numbers
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
A B C D E
15 16 17 18 19
F G H J K


Multiple digit numbers
x400 x20 x1 Total
2 E 34
40 14
C 4 244
240 4
5 J 7 2367
2000 360 7

Derivation

Affixation patterns

Verbs
Conversion Pattern Changes Example
Root → Verb Verbalization -on -un
Verb → Verb Opposite
Verb → Verb Causative
Verb → Verb Complementary
Nouns
Root → Noun Nominalization -∅, -r, -l
Noun → Noun Augmentative
Noun → Noun Diminutive
Noun → Noun Place of...
Adjectives
Root → Adjective Adjectivalization -s
Adjective → Adjective Augmentative
Adjective → Adjective Diminutive
Adjective → Adjective Opposite
Adverbs
Root → Adverb Adverbalization -s'r, -s'l
Adverb → Adverb Augmentative
Adverb → Adverb Diminutive
Adverb → Adverb Opposite

Compounding patterns

Pattern Construction Example
HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER HEAD + MODIFIER
HEAD originated from MODIFIER
HEAD made of MODIFIER
HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
Do HEAD to MODIFIER
Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER

Syntax

The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure

verbs - subject - object - ind. object - others

Word order

  • Verb
    • Adverb
  • Preposition
  • Determiner
  • Noun
    • Adjective
    • Quantifier
    • Numeral
    • Genitive

Default sentence structure

  • Verb
  • Subject
  • Object
  • Indirect object
  • Oblique argument
    • Time
    • Manner
    • Place

Interrogative constructions

Choice questions

  • drink-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom coffee=alt tea=alt
Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
  • drink-des-prs-fut 2s.nom tea-abs
I want tea
  • tea-abs
Tea

Semi-polar questions

  • eat-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom steak-abs burger=alt
Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?

Polar questions

  • come-pst-q friend.nom 2s.gen friday.loc last
Did your friend came last Friday?

Non-polar questions

  • be-q how_much that river-nom wide
How wide is that river?

Relative Constructions

Subject

  • be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen
The [he came late] guy is my cousin

Direct object

  • give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat
I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl

Indirect object

  • know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs
John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman

Genitive

  • tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs
The [his father died] boy told me something

Passive constructions

  • eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat pie.abs
Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten

Anti-passive constructions

  • eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat Mary.nom
Mary eats pie → Mary eats
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