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Proto-Ash-Ish: Difference between revisions
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<templatestyles src="AshStyle/style.css" /> | <templatestyles src="AshStyle/style.css" /> | ||
'''Proto-Ash-Ish''' (henceforth referred to as PAI) is the reconstructed protolanguage linking the [[Ash]] and [[Ish]] languages through their own respective protolanguages, [[Proto-Ash]] and [[Proto-Ish]]. | '''Proto-Ash-Ish''' (henceforth referred to as PAI) is the reconstructed protolanguage linking the [[Ash]] and [[Ish]] languages through their own respective protolanguages, [[Proto-Ash]] and [[Proto-Ish]]. | ||
The PAI speakers would have lived in a mountainous area during a period of glaciation which forced them to seek new lands. Those who would become speakers of Ish left the mountains altogether and found a temperate climate where the sea was not frozen over and became skilled sailors. Those who would go on to speak Ash delved further into the mountains, finding oases of heat in geologically active areas and came to worship the dual nature of fire. Eventually the ice age subsided and perhaps following volcanic eruptions they followed in the footsteps of their long lost kin and arrived at the ocean which now reached much further inland. This is where the two groups would eventually meet again and new cultures combining the old with the new would develop. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Here a big difference from modern Ish is the presence of a nasal consonant whereas Ish has transferred nasality as a feature onto its vowels, losing the consonant in the process. | Here a big difference from modern Ish is the presence of a nasal consonant whereas Ish has transferred nasality as a feature onto its vowels, losing the consonant in the process. | ||
* As in Proto-Ash, it is unclear exactly what {{ash|*q}} was. It merged with {{ash|*k}} in Ish so may have been a uvular plosive but in Ash it | * As in Proto-Ash, it is unclear exactly what {{ash|*q}} was. It merged with {{ash|*k}} in Ish so may have been a uvular plosive but in Ash it developed into a glottal. | ||
* The nasal {{ash|*n}} likely assimilated the point of articulation of any other consonant in a cluster. | * The nasal {{ash|*n}} likely assimilated the point of articulation of any other consonant in a cluster. | ||
* The approximant {{ash|*w}} was probably {{IPA|*/ɰ/}} as in Ish. | * The approximant {{ash|*w}} was probably {{IPA|*/ɰ/}} as in Ish. | ||
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===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
Thanks to the grammatical cases word order was probably somewhat free in PAI, reflected by the resulting differences | Thanks to the grammatical cases word order was probably somewhat free in PAI, reflected by the resulting differences in the daughter branches as they solidified their own word order in different ways as the case endings collapsed. Ash settled on auxiliary-noun-verb whereas Ish settled on verb-auxiliary-noun. | ||
The auxiliary verbs appear to have been used with a kind of participle ending in {{ash|*-er}}. | The auxiliary verbs appear to have been used with a kind of participle ending in {{ash|*-er}}. | ||
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A sentence in PAI may thus have looked as follows: | A sentence in PAI may thus have looked as follows: | ||
<div | <div class="ash-columns"> | ||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|*ntaw qeka te kaw-er}} | |phrase={{ash|*ntaw qeka te kaw-er}} | ||
|gloss=fire.SUBJ AUX.ACT water.OBJ whirl-PTCP | |gloss=fire.SUBJ AUX.ACT water.OBJ whirl-PTCP | ||
|translation= | |translation=Fire stirs water. | ||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|*kaw-er qeka te ntaw}} | |phrase={{ash|*kaw-er qeka te ntaw}} | ||
|gloss=whirl-PTCP AUX.ACT water.OBJ fire.SUBJ | |gloss=whirl-PTCP AUX.ACT water.OBJ fire.SUBJ | ||
|translation= | |translation=Fire stirs water. | ||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
It seems Ash preferred the first syntax while Ish settled on the second. The corresponding sentences in their own protolanguages would have been something like the following: | It seems Ash preferred the first syntax while Ish settled on the second. The corresponding sentences in their own protolanguages would have been something like the following: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The auxiliary {{ash|*qate}} was somewhat unusual. It appears to have been reflexive while able to take a benefactor as a direct object | The auxiliary {{ash|*qate}} was somewhat unusual. It appears to have been reflexive while able to take a benefactor as a direct object. Some of its usages might be compared to the verbal "be-" prefix of Germanic languages. Looking at its modern reflexes, it seems to have denoted a lack of volition. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|*taw-er qate ewe ntaw}} | |phrase={{ash|*taw-er qate ewe ntaw}} | ||
|gloss=stand-PTCP AUX.PASS PROX.OBJ fire.SUBJ | |gloss=stand-PTCP AUX.PASS PROX.OBJ fire.SUBJ | ||
|translation= | |translation=Fire was stood for/by this one. | ||
}} | |||
This corresponds quite straightforwardly to modern Ish, besides a change in meaning, and the fact that a verb prefix is now required as well: | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}} | |||
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=aT-ɰe taɰ/ | |||
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire | |||
|translation=I saw the fire. | |||
}} | |||
The order of the referents and the participle were probably free to move around: | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|*te qate kaw~kaw-er}} | |||
|gloss=water.OBJ AUX.PASS whirl~REDUP-PTCP | |||
|translation=It is being whirled for/by water. | |||
}} | |||
This instead corresponds to modern Ash syntax although this is no longer the common word for water: | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|see ảsgoa}} | |||
|morphemes=/ti hat͡s-kuwa/ | |||
|gloss=water/air INV-LOCV:DYN | |||
|translation=They are moved by water/air. | |||
}} | }} | ||
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! colspan="2" | Ish | ! colspan="2" | Ish | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*kaw~kaw(- | | {{ash|*kaw~kaw(-er)}} | ||
| "whirl, swirl, whorl, cycle, wrap" | | "whirl, swirl, whorl, cycle, wrap" | ||
| → *ku~kwa: → {{ash|goa}} | | → *ku~kwa: → {{ash|goa}} | ||
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| "bad" | | "bad" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*taw(- | | {{ash|*taw(-er)-}} | ||
| "stand" | | "stand" | ||
| → {{ash|*twa:}} → {{ash|laa}} | | → {{ash|*twa:}} → {{ash|laa}} | ||
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| "nose" | | "nose" | ||
| → {{ash|nẽdẽ /DẽDẽ/}} | | → {{ash|nẽdẽ /DẽDẽ/}} | ||
| "nose" | | "nose, smell" | ||
|} | |} | ||