User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions
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== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
=== Consonants === | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
! style="width:80px" | | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center | ! colspan="2" |Labial | ||
! style="width: 80px | ! colspan="2" |Coronal | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Dorsal | ||
! | !Glottal | ||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Nasal | !Nasal | ||
|m | | colspan="2" |m | ||
| | | colspan="2" |n | ||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Stop | !Stop | ||
|p pʰ | | style="border-right:none; width:40px" | p pʰ | ||
|t tʰ | | rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | β~b | ||
|k kʰ | | style="border-right:none; width:40px" | t tʰ | ||
| style=" | | rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | ð~d | ||
| style="border-right:none; width:40px" | k kʰ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="border-left:none; width:40px" | ɣ~g | |||
| style="width:80px" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
|f | | style="border-right:none" |f | ||
|s | | style="border-right:none" | s | ||
| | | style="border-right:none" | | ||
|h ɦ̩ | |h ɦ̩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Lateral | !Lateral | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" |l | ||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Flap | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" |ɾ | ||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Trill | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" |r | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Consonant clusters === | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
! style="width:20px" | | |||
! style="width:20px" |pɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |tɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |kɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |βɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |ðɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |ɣɾ | |||
! style="width:20px" |m | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center | ! style="width:20px" |p | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |t | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |k | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |f | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |h | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |β | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |ð | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |ɣ | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |n | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |s | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |ɾ | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |l | ||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
! style="width: | |||
|- | |- | ||
!n | !n | ||
Line 124: | Line 103: | ||
|nð | |nð | ||
|nɣ | |nɣ | ||
|nː | |||
|ns | |ns | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!s | !s | ||
Line 146: | Line 125: | ||
|sɣ | |sɣ | ||
|sn | |sn | ||
|sː | |||
| | |||
|sl | |sl | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 168: | Line 147: | ||
|ɾn | |ɾn | ||
|ɾs | |ɾs | ||
|r | |||
|ɾl | |ɾl | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 189: | Line 168: | ||
|ln | |ln | ||
|ls | |ls | ||
| | |||
|lː | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== | === Vowels === | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
! style="width:60px" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! colspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
!Close | |||
| style="width:20px" |i | |||
| style="width:20px" |iː | |||
| style="width:20px" |u | |||
| style="width:20px" |uː | |||
|- | |||
!Mid | |||
|e | |||
|eː | |||
|o | |||
|oː | |||
|- | |||
!Open | |||
|a | |||
|aː | |||
|ɒ | |||
|ɒː | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | === Vowel clusters === | ||
! style="width: | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! style="width: | |- | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" | | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |a | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |e | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |i | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width:20px" |ɒ | ||
! style="width:20px" |o | |||
! style="width:20px" |u | |||
|- | |- | ||
!a | !a | ||
|aː | |||
|ae | |ae | ||
|ai | |ai | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!e | !e | ||
|ea | |ea | ||
|eː | |||
|ei | |ei | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!i | !i | ||
|ja | |||
|je | |||
|iː | |||
|jɒ | |||
|jo | |||
|ju | |||
|- | |- | ||
!ɒ | !ɒ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|ɒː | |||
|ɒo | |ɒo | ||
|ɒu | |ɒu | ||
|- | |- | ||
!o | !o | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|oɒ | |oɒ | ||
|oː | |||
|ou | |ou | ||
|- | |- | ||
!u | !u | ||
|wa | |||
|we | |||
|wi | |||
|wɒ | |||
|wo | |||
|uː | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === Phonotactics === | ||
(C1)V(C2) | |||
* | |||
* | * C1: Any consonant except /ɦ̩/ | ||
* | * C2: One of /n s ɾ l/ | ||
* V: Any vowel or /ɦ̩/ | |||
=== Stress === | === Stress === | ||
* Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel | * Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel | ||
* Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant | * Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant |
Revision as of 19:47, 16 March 2015
Muna | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [/muna/] |
Created by | Miguel Bartelsman |
Date | 2015 |
Setting | Fantasy world |
Conlang
| |
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Stop | p pʰ | β~b | t tʰ | ð~d | k kʰ | ɣ~g | |
Fricative | f | s | h ɦ̩ | ||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Trill | r |
Consonant clusters
pɾ | tɾ | kɾ | βɾ | ðɾ | ɣɾ | m | p | t | k | f | h | β | ð | ɣ | n | s | ɾ | l | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | npɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | nβɾ | nðɾ | nɣɾ | nm | np | nt | nk | nf | nh | nβ | nð | nɣ | nː | ns | ||
s | spɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | sβɾ | sðɾ | sɣɾ | sm | sp | st | sk | sf | sh | sβ | sð | sɣ | sn | sː | sl | |
ɾ | ɾpɾ | ɾtɾ | ɾkɾ | ɾβɾ | ɾðɾ | ɾɣɾ | ɾm | ɾp | ɾt | ɾk | ɾf | ɾh | ɾβ | ɾð | ɾɣ | ɾn | ɾs | r | ɾl |
l | lpɾ | ltɾ | lkɾ | lβɾ | lðɾ | lɣɾ | lm | lp | lt | lk | lf | lh | lβ | lð | lɣ | ln | ls | lː |
Vowels
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | iː | u | uː |
Mid | e | eː | o | oː |
Open | a | aː | ɒ | ɒː |
Vowel clusters
a | e | i | ɒ | o | u | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | aː | ae | ai | |||
e | ea | eː | ei | |||
i | ja | je | iː | jɒ | jo | ju |
ɒ | ɒː | ɒo | ɒu | |||
o | oɒ | oː | ou | |||
u | wa | we | wi | wɒ | wo | uː |
Phonotactics
(C1)V(C2)
- C1: Any consonant except /ɦ̩/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel or /ɦ̩/
Stress
- Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel
- Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant
Ortography
Rune | Latin | IPA | Name |
---|---|---|---|
m | /m/ | ||
n | /n/ | ||
p | /p/ | ||
t | /t/ | ||
k | /k/ | ||
f | /f/ | ||
b | /β/ | ||
s | /s/ | ||
d | /ð/ | ||
g | /ɣ/ | ||
h | /h/ | ||
r | /ɾ/ | ||
l | /l/ | ||
a | /a/ | ||
q | /ɒ/ | ||
e | /e/ | ||
o | /o/ | ||
i | /i/ | ||
u | /u/ | ||
' | /ɦ̩/ |
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
1st Affix | 2nd Affix | Tense / Aspect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
None | ∅ | None | ∅ | Gnomic |
Past | -ga | None | ∅ | Past perfective |
Past | -ga | Past retrospective, Distant past | ||
Present | -'r | Past continuous | ||
Future | -is | Past prospective | ||
Present | -'r | None | ∅ | Present perfective |
Past | -ga | Present retrospective, Near past | ||
Present | -'r | Present continuous | ||
Future | -is | Present prospective, Near future | ||
Future | -is | None | ∅ | Future perfective |
Past | -ga | Future retrospective | ||
Present | -'r | Future continuous | ||
Future | -is | Future prospective, Distant future |
Mood
Type | Mood | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Realis | Indicative | -∅ | Factual statement | |
Irrealis | Epistemic | Alethic | -to | States truth or logical necessity |
Potential | -ma | States probability of something happening | ||
Deductive | -he | States something supported by indirect evidence | ||
Interrogative | -saa | Questions the action, always last | ||
Deontic | Desiderative | -ti | States internal desire for something. Want to, desire, hope, would rather | |
Expectative | -du | States external desire for something. Should, ought to, expected to, advised to | ||
Necessitative | -ka | States internal necessity for something. Need to | ||
Directive | -kq | States external necessity for something. Must, obligated to, had better | ||
Capacitative | -pra | States internal ability to do something. Able to | ||
Permissive | -pro | States external ability to do something. Allowed to |
Nouns
Case
Case | Use | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -a -e -i | Marks the subject, agent of a verb |
Absolutive | -q -o -u | Marks the object, patient of a verb. Base form |
Dative | -ql -ol -ul | Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb |
Genitive | -mi | Marks possession of or relation with something |
Instrumental | -ta | Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action |
Locative | -ko | Marks the location or time of the action |
Comitative | -na | Mark accompaniment of something |
Privative | -nan | Marks the lack of company by something |
Alternative | -me | Marks an alternative or choice to something |
Number
Number | Use | |
---|---|---|
Singulative | Marks a single object of a mass noun | |
Plurative | Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns |
Pronouns
Person | Number | Case | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ABS | DAT | GEN | |||
First | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Second | Singular | |||||
Plural | Exclusive | |||||
Inclusive | ||||||
Third | Singular | |||||
Plural |
Determiners
Type | Demonstrative | Interrogative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||
Object | ||||
Quality Amount | ||||
Manner | ||||
Reason | ||||
Location | ||||
Time |
Quantifiers
Type | Use | |
---|---|---|
Universal | Every option | |
Existential | Large amount of | |
V | ||
V | ||
V | ||
V | ||
Pair of | ||
Negatory | No option | |
Elective | Any option | |
Alternative | A different option |
Adpositions
Type | Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spatial | Location | Above, on the surface | |
Below | |||
In front of | |||
Behind | |||
Near | |||
Between, amongst | |||
Inside | |||
Movement | Over, across the surface | ||
Under | |||
By, near | |||
Through | |||
To (direction) | |||
To (destination) | |||
From (origin) | |||
Into | |||
Out from | |||
Temporal | Since | ||
Before | |||
During | |||
After | |||
Until | |||
Composition | Of | ||
Purpose | In order to | ||
Cause | Because of | ||
Reference | About |
Particles
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
A | B | C | D | E |
15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
F | G | H | J | K |
x400 | x20 | x1 | Total |
---|---|---|---|
2 | E | 34 | |
40 | 14 | ||
C | 4 | 244 | |
240 | 4 | ||
5 | J | 7 | 2367 |
2000 | 360 | 7 |
Derivation
Affixation patterns
Verbs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conversion | Pattern | Changes | Example | ||
Root | → | Verb | Verbalization | -qn -on -un | |
Verb | → | Verb | Opposite | ||
Verb | → | Verb | Causative | ||
Verb | → | Verb | Complementary | ||
Nouns | |||||
Root | → | Noun | Nominalization | -∅, -r, -l | |
Noun | → | Noun | Augmentative | ||
Noun | → | Noun | Diminutive | ||
Noun | → | Noun | Place of... | ||
Adjectives | |||||
Root | → | Adjective | Adjectivalization | -s | |
Adjective | → | Adjective | Augmentative | ||
Adjective | → | Adjective | Diminutive | ||
Adjective | → | Adjective | Opposite | ||
Adverbs | |||||
Root | → | Adverb | Adverbalization | -s'r, -s'l | |
Adverb | → | Adverb | Augmentative | ||
Adverb | → | Adverb | Diminutive | ||
Adverb | → | Adverb | Opposite |
Compounding patterns
Pattern | Construction | Example |
---|---|---|
HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER | HEAD + MODIFIER | |
HEAD originated from MODIFIER | ||
HEAD made of MODIFIER | ||
HEAD benefitting MODIFIER | ||
Do HEAD to MODIFIER | ||
Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER |
Syntax
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
verbs - subject - object - ind. object - others
Word order
- Verb
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Determiner
- Noun
- Adjective
- Quantifier
- Numeral
- Genitive
Default sentence structure
- Verb
- Subject
- Object
- Indirect object
- Oblique argument
- Time
- Manner
- Place
Interrogative constructions
Choice questions
- drink-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom coffee=alt tea=alt
- Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
- drink-des-prs-fut 2s.nom tea-abs
- I want tea
- tea-abs
- Tea
Semi-polar questions
- eat-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom steak-abs burger=alt
- Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
Polar questions
- come-pst-q friend.nom 2s.gen friday.loc last
- Did your friend came last Friday?
Non-polar questions
- be-q how_much that river-nom wide
- How wide is that river?
Relative Constructions
Subject
- be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen
- The [he came late] guy is my cousin
Direct object
- give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat
- I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
Indirect object
- know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs
- John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
Genitive
- tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs
- The [his father died] boy told me something
Passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat pie.abs
- Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
Anti-passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat Mary.nom
- Mary eats pie → Mary eats