Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
!colspan="3" | Subject affixes
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Present
!colspan="3" | Present
|-
|-
!|
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ein, -ei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dir, -dir-''<br/>''-ádir, -adir-''<br/>''-édir, -edir-''
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-''
|''-mi, -mī-''<br/>''-ámi, -amī-''<br/>''-émi, -emī-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-vse, -vsi-''<br/>''-ávse, -avsi-''<br/>''-évse, -evsi-''
|''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-''
|''-nse, -nsi-''<br/>''-ánse, -ansi-''<br/>''-énse, -ensi-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-yr, -yr-''<br/>''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-er, -er-''
|''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-''
|''-rse, -rsi-''<br/>''-árse, -arsi-''<br/>''-érse, -ersi-''
|''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-''
|''-lse, -lsi-''<br/>''-álse, -alsi-''<br/>''-élse, -elsi-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.an
|''-ym, -m-''<br/>''-am, -am-''<br/>''-em, -em-''
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir, -iri-''<br/>''-air, -airi-''<br/>''-eir, -eiri-''
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-''
|''-vi, -vi-''<br/>''-ávi, -avi-''<br/>''-évi, -evi-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.other
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-eis, -eisi-''
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''-áti, -ati-''<br/>''-éti, -eti-''
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperfect
!colspan="3" | Imperfect
|-
|-
|colspan="4"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.''
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Preterite
!colspan="3" | Preterite
|-
|-
!|
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ýn, -ýn-''<br/>''-án, -án-''<br/>''-én, -én-''
|''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-''
|''-mor, -mor-''<br/>''-ámor, -amor-''<br/>''-émor, -emor-''
|''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-''
|''-mā, -mā-''<br/>''-ámā, -amā-''<br/>''-émā, -emā-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-tor, -tor-''<br/>''-átor, -ator-''<br/>''-étor, -etor-''
|''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-''
|''-tā, -tā-''<br/>''-átā, -atā-''<br/>''-étā, -etā-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ýr, -ýr-''<br/>''-ár, -ár-''<br/>''-ér, -ér-''
|''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-''
|''-rith, -rith-''<br/>''-árith, -arith-''<br/>''-érith, -erith-''
|''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-''
|''-lis, -lis-''<br/>''-ális, -alis-''<br/>''-élis, -elis-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.an
|''-a, -am-''<br/>''-ā, -ām-''<br/>''-ea, -eam-''
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-''
|rowspan="2"|''-arí, -aríe-''<br/>''-ārí, -āríe''<br/>''-earí, -earíe-''
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-''
|''-aví, -avíe-''<br/>''-āví, -āvíe''<br/>''-eaví, -eavíe-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.other
|''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-ār, -ār''<br/>''-ear, -ear-''
|''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-''
|''-atí, -atíe-''<br/>''-ātí, -ātíe''<br/>''-eatí, -eatíe-''
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Future
!colspan="3" | Future
|-
|-
!|
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ḗn, -ḗn-''<br/>''-ā́n, -ā́n-''<br/>''-íen, -íen-''
|''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-''
|''-ḗdir, -ēdir-''<br/>''-ā́dir, -ādir-''<br/>''-íedir, -iedir-''
|''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-''
|''-ḗmi, -ēmī-''<br/>''-ā́mi, -āmī-''<br/>''-íemi, -iemī-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-ḗvse, -ēvsi-''<br/>''-ā́vse, -āvsi-''<br/>''-íevse, -ievsi-''
|''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-''
|''-ḗnse, -ēnsi-''<br/>''-ā́nse, -ānsi-''<br/>''-íense, -iensi-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ḗr, -ḗr-''<br/>''-ā́r, -ā́r-''<br/>''-íer, -íer-''
|''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-''
|''-ḗrse, -ērsi-''<br/>''-ā́rse, -ārsi-''<br/>''-íerse, -iersi-''
|''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-''
|''-ḗlse, -ēlsi-''<br/>''-ā́lse, -ālsi-''<br/>''-íelse, -ielsi-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.an
|''-ḗm, -ḗm-''<br/>''-ā́m, -ā́m-''<br/>''-íem, -íem-''
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ḗri, -ḗri-''<br/>''-ā́ri, -ā́ri-''<br/>''-íeri, -íeri-''
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-''
|''-ḗvi, -ēvi-''<br/>''-ā́vi, -āvi-''<br/>''-íevi, -ievi-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.other
|''-ḗsi, -ḗsi-''<br/>''-ā́si, -ā́si-''<br/>''-íesi, -íesi-''
|''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-''
|''-ḗti, -ēti-''<br/>''-ā́ti, -āti-''<br/>''-íeti, -ieti-''
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Jussive
!colspan="3" | Jussive
|-
|-
!|
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-áin, -ái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-éin, -éi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dír, -dír-''<br/>''-adír, -adír-''<br/>''-edír, -edír-''
|''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-''
|''-mí, -mī́-''<br/>''-amí, -amī́-''<br/>''-emí, -emī́-''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-vt, -vti-''<br/>''-avt, -avti-''<br/>''-evt, -evti-''
|''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-''
|''-nt, -nti-''<br/>''-ant, -anti-''<br/>''-ent, -enti-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-t, -t-''<br/>''-at, -at-''<br/>''-et, -et-''
|''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-''
|''-rt, -rti-''<br/>''-art, -arti-''<br/>''-ert, -erti-''
|''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-''
|''-lt, -lti-''<br/>''-alt, -alti-''<br/>''-elt, -elti-''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.an
|''-má, -mā́-''<br/>''-amá, -amā́-''<br/>''-emá, -emā́-''
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-''
|rowspan="2"|''-irá, -irā́-''<br/>''-ará, -arā́-''<br/>''-erá, -erā́-''
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-''
|''-ivá, -vā́-''<br/>''-avá, -avā́-''<br/>''-evá, -evā́-''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.other
|''-isá, -isā́-''<br/>''-asá, -asā́-''<br/>''-esá, -esā́-''
 
|''-itá, -itā́-''<br/>''-atá, -atā́-''<br/>''-etá, -etā́-''
|''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-''
|-
|''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-vs, -vs-''<br/>''-avs, -avs-''<br/>''-evs, -evs-''
|''-ns, -ns-''<br/>''-ans, -ans-''<br/>''-ens, -ens-''
|-
|-
!|2
!colspan="3" | Imperative
|''-Ø''<br/>''-a, -a-''<br/>''-e, -e-''
|''-rs, -rs-''<br/>''-ars, -ars-''<br/>''-ers, -ers-''
|''-ls, -ls-''<br/>''-als, -als-''<br/>''-els, -els-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Emphatic imperative
|-
|-
!|
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-ḗvs, -ēvs-''<br/>''-ā́vs, -ā́vs-''<br/>''-íevs, -íevs-''
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-''
|''-ḗns, -ēns-''<br/>''-ā́ns, -ā́ns-''<br/>''-íens, -íens-''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ḗ, -ḗ-''<br/>''-ā́, -ā́-''<br/>''-íe, -íe-''
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-''
|''-ḗrs, -ḗrs-''<br/>''-ā́rs, -ā́rs-''<br/>''-íers, -íers-''
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-''
|''-ḗls, -ḗls-''<br/>''-ā́ls, -ā́ls-''<br/>''-íels, -íels-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4"| Non-finite forms
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms
|-
|-
!Present<br/>participle
!Present<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-rl-''<br/>''-áryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-árl-''<br/>''-éryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-érl-''
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-''
|-
|-
!Imperfect<br/>participle
!Imperfect<br/>participle
|colspan="4"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.''
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.''
|-
|-
!Preterite<br/>participle
!Preterite<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-náryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-nárl-''<br/>''-anáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-anárl-''<br/>''-enáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-enárl-''
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-''
|-
|-
!Future<br/>participle
!Future<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-ḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-ḗrl-''<br/>''-ā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-ā́rl-''<br/>''-íeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-íerl-''
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-''
|-
|-
!Infinitive
!Infinitive
|colspan="3"|''-s<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-ás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-és<sup>M</sup>''
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>''
|-
|-
!Supine
!Supine
|colspan="3"|''-ēð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-āð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-ieð<sup>M</sup>''
|colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>''
|}
|}
==Semivowel stems==
==Semivowel stems==
===''*j''-stems===
===''*j''-stems===
Line 1,943: Line 1,905:
|}
|}


====''morī́'' - 'exist'====
====''morī́n'' - 'exist'====


===Reduplicating stems===
===Reduplicating stems===
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
===Eliding stems===
===Eliding stems===

Latest revision as of 02:26, 27 March 2015

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Plural
1.ex mólīn, mólī(n)1-
irḗdain, irēdai(n)1-
gā́lein, gā́lei(n)1- 		mólmaech, mólmaech-
irēdámaech, irēdamaech-
gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-
1.in - mólynse, mólynse-
irēdánse, irēdanse-
gā́lénse, gā́lense-
2 mólyr, mólyr-
irḗdar, irēdar-
gā́ler, gā́ler- 		mólylse, mólylse-
irēdálse, irēdalse-
gā́lélse, gā́lelse-
3.an mólym, mólm-
irḗdam, irēdam-
gā́lem, gā́lem- 		mólyri, mólyrie-
irēdári, irēdarie-
gā́léri, gā́lerie-
3.other mólis, mólisi-
irḗdais, irēdaisi-
gā́leis, gā́leisi- 		mólti, móltie-
irēdáti, irēdatie-
gā́léti, gā́letie-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Plural
1.ex mólýn, mólýn-
irēdán, irēdán-
gā́lén, gā́lén- 		mólmor, mólmor-
irēdámor, irēdamor-
gā́lémor, gā́lemor-
1.in - móltor, móltor-
irēdátor, irēdator-
gā́létor, gā́letor-
2 mólýr, mólýr-
irēdár, irēdár-
gā́lér, gā́lér- 		mólylis, mólylis-
irēdális, irēdalis-
gā́lélis, gā́lelis-
3.an móla, mólam-
irḗdā, irḗdām-
gā́lea, gā́leam- 		mólarí, mólaríe-
irēdārí, irēdāríe-
gā́learí, gā́learíe-
3.other mólar, mólar-
irḗdār, irḗdār-
gā́lear, gā́lear- 		mólatí, mólatíe-
irēdātí, irēdātíe-
gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-
Future
Singular Plural
1.ex mólḗn, mólḗn-
irēdā́n, irēdā́n-
gā́líen, gā́líen- 		mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-
irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-
gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-
1.in - mólḗnse, mólḗnse-
irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-
gā́líense, gā́líense-
2 mólḗr, mólḗr-
irēdā́r, irēdā́r-
gā́líer, gā́líer- 		mólḗlse, mólḗlse-
irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-
gā́líelse, gā́líelse-
3.an mólḗm, mólḗm-
irēdā́m, irēdā́m-
gā́líem, gā́líem- 		mólḗri, mólḗri-
irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-
gā́líeri, gā́líeri-
3.other mólḗsi, mólḗsi-
irēdā́si, irēdā́si-
gā́líesi, gā́líesi- 		mólḗti, mólḗti-
irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-
gā́líeti, gā́líeti-
Jussive
Singular Plural
1.ex mólī́n, mólī́(n)1-
irēdáin, irēdái(n)1-
gā́léin, gā́léi(n)1- 		mólmáech, mólmáech-
irēdamáech, irēdamáech-
gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-
1.in - mólynt, mólynti-
irḗdant, irēdanti-
gā́lent, gā́lenti-
2 mólt, mólti-
irḗdat, irēdati-
gā́let, gā́leti- 		mólylt, mólylti-
irḗdalt, irēdalti-
gā́lelt, gā́lelti-
3.an mólmór, mólmór-
irēdamór, irēdamór-
gā́lemór, gā́lemór- 		mólyrór, mólyrór-
irēdarór, irēdarór-
gā́lerór, gā́lerór-
3.other mólisór, mólisór-
irēdasór, irēdasór-
gā́lesór, gā́lesór- 		móltór, móltór-
irēdátór, irēdatór-
gā́létór, gā́letór-
Imperative
Singular Plural
1.in - mólyns, mólyns-
irḗdans, irēdans-
gā́lens, gā́lens-
2 mól, mól-
irḗda, irḗda-
gā́le, gā́le- 		mólyls, mólyls-
irḗdals, irēdals-
gā́lels, gā́lels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle 		mólyrylF, mólyrl-
irēdárylF, irēdárl-
gā́lérylF, gā́lérl-
Imperfect
participle 		Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle 		mólnárylF, mólnárl-
irēdanárylF, irēdanárl-
gā́lenárylF, gā́lenárl-
Future
participle 		mólḗrylF, mólḗrl-
irēdā́rylF, irēdā́rl-
gā́líerylF, gā́líerl-
Infinitive mólsM
irēdásM
gā́lésM
Supine mólḗðM
irēdā́ðM
térieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌chtā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn bóssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌tā
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m bóssa bōsrí bōsví
3/4.f bóssar bōstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bōmá bohirá bōħá
3/4.f bohisá bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́cmí
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

morī́n - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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