2,513
edits
Vinnish: Difference between revisions
added basic languagebox, for shinobhi: FEEL FREE TO REMOVE
Jukethatbox (talk | contribs) (added basic languagebox, for shinobhi: FEEL FREE TO REMOVE) |
|||
| (16 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{stub}} | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
| Line 10: | Line 9: | ||
--> | --> | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
| name = Vinnish | |||
| nativename = | |||
| creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]] | |||
| state = Commonwealth of Vinland | |||
| familycolor = Indo-European | |||
| fam1 = Indo-European | |||
| fam2 = Germanic | |||
| fam3 = North Germanic | |||
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects--> | |||
| agency = | |||
| minority = | |||
| nation = | |||
}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| Line 45: | Line 57: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå | |||
|} | |||
The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 79: | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Vinnish nouns fall into one of two genders, common and neuter. The common gender comes from the conflation of the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse. | Vinnish nouns fall into one of two genders, common and neuter. The common gender comes from the conflation of the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse. Nouns inflect for number and case. | ||
====Common Nouns==== | |||
On the whole, common nouns show a much larger variance in declension patterns than neuter nouns. There are two overarching declension patterns among common nouns: strong and weak. | |||
Note that "(u)" refers to the presence of u-umlaut and "∅" refers to a null ending. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Strong Common Nouns | |||
|- | |||
! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
| Singular || -er, ∅ || ∅ || -i || -s, -ar | |||
|- | |||
| Plural || -ar || -e || (u)-em || -e | |||
|} | |||
====Neuter Nouns==== | |||
====Definite Article==== | ====Definite Article==== | ||
Definiteness is shown via a cliticized definite article on the end of a noun. This definite article inflects for gender, case, and number. | Definiteness is shown via a cliticized definite article on the end of a noun. This definite article inflects for gender, case, and number. | ||
| Line 65: | Line 103: | ||
Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives. | Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives. | ||
====Strong Adjectives==== | ====Strong Adjectives==== | ||
Strong adjectives are used with indefinite nouns and predicatively with nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Common !! Neuter | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
|- | |||
| Nom || -er ||! rowspan="2" | -t | |||
|- | |||
| Acc || -en | |||
|- | |||
| Dat || (u)-em || (u)-e | |||
|- | |||
| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -s | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nom || -ar ||! rowspan="2" | (u) | |||
|- | |||
| Acc || -e | |||
|- | |||
| Dat ||! colspan="2" | (u)-em | |||
|- | |||
| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -re | |||
|} | |||
====Weak Adjectives==== | |||
Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns and nouns modified by a demonstrative. | |||
In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine noun can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular case. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
There are two types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice. | There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice. | ||
====Weak Verbs==== | |||
Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. This dental consonant can be either -d, -ð, or -t. Which consonant is used is not always readily predictable for a weak verb, and so must simply be memorized along with the verb; however, the majority of Vinnish verbs use -ð. | |||
Verbs | |||
-- | The below table shows the basic inflection pattern for a weak verb. Note that the symbol "D" refers to the dental consonant used. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
| 1st || -i || (u)-em | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd ||! rowspan="2"| -ar || -ið | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd || -e | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past | |||
|- | |||
| 1st || -De || (u)-Dem | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd || -Dar || (u)-Deð | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd || -Di || (u)-De | |||
|} | |||
====Strong Verbs==== | |||
Strong verbs show tense via a change in the stem vowel. There are seven classes of strong verbs in Vinnish, each characterized by a different alternation pattern. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||