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Vinnish: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | |||
| name = Vinnish | |||
| nativename = | |||
| creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]] | |||
| state = Commonwealth of Vinland | |||
| familycolor = Indo-European | |||
| fam1 = Indo-European | |||
| fam2 = Germanic | |||
| fam3 = North Germanic | |||
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects--> | |||
| agency = | |||
| minority = | |||
| nation = | |||
}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå | |||
|} | |||
The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives. | Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives. | ||
====Strong Adjectives==== | ====Strong Adjectives==== | ||
Strong adjectives are used with indefinite nouns and predicatively with nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Common !! Neuter | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
|- | |||
| Nom || -er ||! rowspan="2" | -t | |||
|- | |||
| Acc || -en | |||
|- | |||
| Dat || (u)-em || (u)-e | |||
|- | |||
| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -s | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nom || -ar ||! rowspan="2" | (u) | |||
|- | |||
| Acc || -e | |||
|- | |||
| Dat ||! colspan="2" | (u)-em | |||
|- | |||
| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -re | |||
|} | |||
====Weak Adjectives==== | |||
Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns and nouns modified by a demonstrative. | |||
In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine noun can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular case. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice. | There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice. | ||
====Weak Verbs==== | ====Weak Verbs==== | ||
Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. | Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. This dental consonant can be either -d, -ð, or -t. Which consonant is used is not always readily predictable for a weak verb, and so must simply be memorized along with the verb; however, the majority of Vinnish verbs use -ð. | ||
The below table shows the basic inflection pattern for a weak verb. Note that the symbol "D" refers to the dental consonant used. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
| 1st || -i || (u)-em | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd ||! rowspan="2"| -ar || -ið | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd || -e | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past | |||
|- | |||
| 1st || -De || (u)-Dem | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd || -Dar || (u)-Deð | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd || -Di || (u)-De | |||
|} | |||
====Strong Verbs==== | |||
Strong verbs show tense via a change in the stem vowel. There are seven classes of strong verbs in Vinnish, each characterized by a different alternation pattern. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||