Linguifex

Hara: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Hara (view source)

Revision as of 18:12, 6 October 2023

3,931 bytes added ,  6 October 2023
→‎Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(45 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Hara''' (/hɑɹə/, native: ''fòhàràà'' /fòhàɾàː/) is a South Semitic language.
'''Hara''' (/hɑɹə/, native: ''fòhàřàà'' /ɸòhàɽàː/) is a South Semitic language.
<!--  
<!--  
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
Line 50: Line 50:
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Coronal
! rowspan="2"| Coronal
! rowspan="2"| Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar
! rowspan
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2"| Velar
! colspan="2"| Velar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
Line 163: Line 164:
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
! Labial
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dental
! Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex/ <br /> Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Labiovelar
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan = "2" | Nasal
! colspan = "2" | Nasal
| m
| m
| n
| colspan="3"| n ~ ɳ²
| ɲ
| ɲ
| ŋ
| ŋ
| ŋʷ
|
|
|-
|-
Line 178: Line 183:
! tenuis
! tenuis
| p
| p
| t
| colspan="2"| t
| tʃ
| ʈ
| c ~ tʃ
| k
| k
| kʷ
| ʔ
| ʔ
|-
|-
<!--
! prenasalized¹
! prenasalized¹
| ᵐb
| ᵐb
| ⁿd
| colspan="2"| ⁿd
| ⁿdʒ
| ⁿdʒ
| ᵑɡ
| ᵑɡ
|
|
|-
-->
! voiced¹
| b
| colspan="2"| d
| ɖ
| ɟ ~ dʒ
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|
|-
|-
! implosive
! implosive
| ɓ
| ɓ
| ɗ
| colspan="3"| ɗ
| ʄ
| ʄ
| ɠ
| ɠ
| ɠʷ
|
|
|-
|-
Line 200: Line 219:
! voiceless
! voiceless
| ɸ
| ɸ
| (θ)
| s
| s
| ʃ
| ʃ
|
| (x)
|  
|  
| h
| h
|-
|-
!voiced
! voiced
| β
| rowspan="2"| β
| z
| (ð)
| (z)
|
|
| (ɣ)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
! colspan = "2" | Approximant
! colspan = "2" | Approximant
| w
| colspan="2"| l
| l
| rowspan="2"| ɽ ~ ɻ
| j
| j
| ɰ
| ɰ
| w
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan = "2" | Tap/Trill
! colspan = "2" | Tap
|  
|  
| ɾ
| colspan="2"| ɾ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 230: Line 257:
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise. Therefore, prenasalized stops can be considered to underlyingly be tenuis stops preceded by homorganic nasals. However, they have been phonemized due to the introduction of nasal/voiceless stop clusters (including non-homorganic clusters) in loanwords.
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise.<!-- Likewise, /β, ɾ, ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, k/, and they still behave as such in native words.--> However, the distinction has been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords.
 
² /n/ is pronounced [ɳ] before retroflex stops.
 
³ Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 263: Line 294:
===Tones===
===Tones===
A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.
A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.
<!--
 
A high tone can be indicated with an acute accent (e.g. á), but it is usually left unwritten.-->
Tones are usually not indicated in writing. In this article, a low tone is indicated with a grave accent (à).


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 274: Line 305:
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
====Prenasalization====
====Prenasalization====
When a stem-initial tenuis stop is preceded by a nasal, it merges with the nasal to become the corresponding prenasalized stop.
When a prefix ending in a nasal is attached to a word, the following mutations occur:
====Palatalization====
* Tenuis stop > voiced
*/N/ + /t, ɾ/ > /nd/
*/N/ + /ɽ, l/ > /ɳɖ/
*/N/ + /p, β/ > /mb/
*/N/ + /k, ɰ/ > /ŋɡ/
<!--*/N/ + /j/ > /ɲɟ/-->
*/N/ + /c, j/ > /ɲɟ/
*/N/ before vowel > /ɲ/ (before front vowels), /ŋ/ (otherwise)
*/N/ before /h/ or /ʔ/ > /ŋ/
*/N/ + /w/ > /ŋʷ/
*/N/ + nasal > geminated nasal
 
====Gemination====
When a geminating prefix is attached to a word, the following consonants mutate:
*/ɸ, β/ > /pː/
*/ɾ, h, ʔ/ > /tː/
*/ɽ, l/ > /ʈː/
*/ɰ/ > /kː/
*/j/ > /cː/
*/w/ > /kʷː/
Before a vowel, the gemination is replaced with /t/.
 
====Lenition====
In leniting environments, the following mutations occur:
*/p/ > /β/
*/t/ > /ɾ/
*/l/ > /ɽ/
*/c/ > /j/
*/k/ > /ɰ/
*/kʷ/ > /w/
 
====Palatalization and Labialization====
Palatalization and labialization only affect native velar consonants. In such environments, the affected consonants is replaced with its palatal or labiovelar counterpart respectively.
*'''Palatalization:'''
**/ŋ/ > /ɲ/
**/k/ > /c/
**/ɡ/ > /ɟ/
**/ɠ/ > /ʄ/
**/ɰ/ > /j/
*'''Labialization:'''
**/ŋ/ > /ŋʷ/
**/k/ > /kʷ/
**/ɡ/ > /ɡʷ/
**/ɠ/ > /ɠʷ/
**/ɰ/ > /w/
<!--
Palatalization occurs before endings beginning in /j/ (which merges with the palatalized consonant) or /i/-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
====Case====
Case in nouns is marked by final vowel:
*''-u'': Nominative
*''-a'': Accusative
*''-i'': Genitive
Case endings are dropped after nouns whose stems end in a long vowel.
A few nouns have long case endings (i.e. ''-uu'' for nominative, ''-aa'' for accusative, and ''-ii'' for genitive).
====Number====
With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix ''-aar-'', inserted between the stem and case ending.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Nouns
Adjectives
Adjectives
Line 288: Line 374:
Particles
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
-->
====Definiteness====
The definite article is ''-ràà'' attached after the case ending<!--, which is repeated after the article with a low tone. In other words, the full suffix is:
*''-rù'': nominative
*''-rà'': accusative
*''-rì'': genitive-->.
====Genitive phrase====
A genitive phrase can be formed simply by putting the posessor in the genitive case.
Alternatively, the posessor can be preceded with the particle ''tù'' (which becomes ''tà'' in the accusative, ''tì'' in the genitive). This particle can be used on its own, completely replacing the posessee.
====Negation====
Negation of nouns is accomplished with the prefix ''lee-''.
====Noun derivation====
Various prefixes and suffixes are used to derive nouns.
Derivational prefixes include:
*''fo-'': for languages - e.g. ''fòhàřàà'' "Hara language"
*''sa-'': for peoples - e.g. ''sàhàřàà'' "Hara people"
*''me-'': for lands - e.g. ''mèhàřàà'' "land of the Hara"
Derivational suffixes include:
*''-aay-'': nisba suffix


-->
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined similarly to nouns and agree with the modified noun in number and case.
===Personal pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  !! rowspan="2"| Independent subject !! colspan="3" | Clitic<!-- !! rowspan="2"| Comments-->
|-
! Imperfect subject !! Perfect subject !! Non-subject
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! 1
| nii
| n(i)-
| -éé
| -nii
|-
! 2M
| ndaa
| t(i)-
| -aqáá
| -qaa
|-
! 2F
| ndii
| t(i)-ii-
| -ayíí
| -yii
|-
! 3M
| huu
| y(i)-
| -óó
| -huu
|-
! 3F
| haa
| y(i)-ii-
| -áá
| -haa
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! 1
| niinaa
| n(i)-uu-
| -anáá
| -naa
|-
! 2M
| ndumuu
| t(i)-uu-
| -aqumúú
| -qumuu
|-
! 2F
| ndiinaa
| t(i)-aa-
| -ayináá
| -yinaa
|-
! 3M
| humuu
| y(i)-uu-
| -oomúú
| -humuu
|-
! 3F
| hiinaa
| y(i)-aa-
| -eenáá
| -hinaa
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 301: Line 482:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
<!--Kuťťu tù sàvaari -->
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
Shariifka
7,051

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/326413...327198"