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Hara: Difference between revisions
→Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
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*/N/ + /p, β/ > /mb/ | */N/ + /p, β/ > /mb/ | ||
*/N/ + /k, ɰ/ > /ŋɡ/ | */N/ + /k, ɰ/ > /ŋɡ/ | ||
*/N/ + /j/ > / | <!--*/N/ + /j/ > /ɲɟ/--> | ||
*/N/ + / | */N/ + /c, j/ > /ɲɟ/ | ||
*/N/ before vowel, /h/ | */N/ before vowel > /ɲ/ (before front vowels), /ŋ/ (otherwise) | ||
*/N/ before /h/ or /ʔ/ > /ŋ/ | |||
*/N/ + /w/ > /ŋʷ/ | */N/ + /w/ > /ŋʷ/ | ||
*/N/ + nasal > geminated nasal | */N/ + nasal > geminated nasal | ||
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*/j/ > /cː/ | */j/ > /cː/ | ||
*/w/ > /kʷː/ | */w/ > /kʷː/ | ||
Before a vowel, the gemination is replaced with /t/. | |||
====Palatalization==== | ====Lenition==== | ||
In leniting environments, the following mutations occur: | |||
*/p/ > /β/ | |||
*/t/ > /ɾ/ | |||
*/l/ > /ɽ/ | |||
*/c/ > /j/ | |||
*/k/ > /ɰ/ | |||
*/kʷ/ > /w/ | |||
====Palatalization and Labialization==== | |||
Palatalization and labialization only affect native velar consonants. In such environments, the affected consonants is replaced with its palatal or labiovelar counterpart respectively. | |||
*'''Palatalization:''' | |||
**/ŋ/ > /ɲ/ | |||
**/k/ > /c/ | |||
**/ɡ/ > /ɟ/ | |||
**/ɠ/ > /ʄ/ | |||
**/ɰ/ > /j/ | |||
*'''Labialization:''' | |||
**/ŋ/ > /ŋʷ/ | |||
**/k/ > /kʷ/ | |||
**/ɡ/ > /ɡʷ/ | |||
**/ɠ/ > /ɠʷ/ | |||
**/ɰ/ > /w/ | |||
<!-- | |||
Palatalization occurs before endings beginning in /j/ (which merges with the palatalized consonant) or /i/--> | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
==== | ====Case==== | ||
Case in nouns is marked by final vowel: | Case in nouns is marked by final vowel: | ||
*''-u'': Nominative | *''-u'': Nominative | ||
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Case endings are dropped after nouns whose stems end in a long vowel. | Case endings are dropped after nouns whose stems end in a long vowel. | ||
A few nouns have long case endings. | A few nouns have long case endings (i.e. ''-uu'' for nominative, ''-aa'' for accusative, and ''-ii'' for genitive). | ||
====Number==== | |||
With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix ''-aar-'', inserted between the stem and case ending. | With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix ''-aar-'', inserted between the stem and case ending. | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology | ||
--> | --> | ||
====Definiteness==== | |||
The definite article is ''-ràà'' attached after the case ending<!--, which is repeated after the article with a low tone. In other words, the full suffix is: | |||
*''-rù'': nominative | |||
*''-rà'': accusative | |||
*''-rì'': genitive-->. | |||
====Genitive phrase==== | |||
A genitive phrase can be formed simply by putting the posessor in the genitive case. | |||
Alternatively, the posessor can be preceded with the particle ''tù'' (which becomes ''tà'' in the accusative, ''tì'' in the genitive). This particle can be used on its own, completely replacing the posessee. | |||
====Negation==== | |||
Negation of nouns is accomplished with the prefix ''lee-''. | |||
====Noun derivation==== | ====Noun derivation==== | ||
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*''sa-'': for peoples - e.g. ''sàhàřàà'' "Hara people" | *''sa-'': for peoples - e.g. ''sàhàřàà'' "Hara people" | ||
*''me-'': for lands - e.g. ''mèhàřàà'' "land of the Hara" | *''me-'': for lands - e.g. ''mèhàřàà'' "land of the Hara" | ||
Derivational suffixes include: | |||
*''-aay-'': nisba suffix | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives are declined similarly to nouns and agree with the modified noun in number and case. | |||
===Personal pronouns=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Independent subject !! colspan="3" | Clitic<!-- !! rowspan="2"| Comments--> | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect subject !! Perfect subject !! Non-subject | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Singular | |||
! 1 | |||
| nii | |||
| n(i)- | |||
| -éé | |||
| -nii | |||
|- | |||
! 2M | |||
| ndaa | |||
| t(i)- | |||
| -aqáá | |||
| -qaa | |||
|- | |||
! 2F | |||
| ndii | |||
| t(i)-ii- | |||
| -ayíí | |||
| -yii | |||
|- | |||
! 3M | |||
| huu | |||
| y(i)- | |||
| -óó | |||
| -huu | |||
|- | |||
! 3F | |||
| haa | |||
| y(i)-ii- | |||
| -áá | |||
| -haa | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Plural | |||
! 1 | |||
| niinaa | |||
| n(i)-uu- | |||
| -anáá | |||
| -naa | |||
|- | |||
! 2M | |||
| ndumuu | |||
| t(i)-uu- | |||
| -aqumúú | |||
| -qumuu | |||
|- | |||
! 2F | |||
| ndiinaa | |||
| t(i)-aa- | |||
| -ayináá | |||
| -yinaa | |||
|- | |||
! 3M | |||
| humuu | |||
| y(i)-uu- | |||
| -oomúú | |||
| -humuu | |||
|- | |||
! 3F | |||
| hiinaa | |||
| y(i)-aa- | |||
| -eenáá | |||
| -hinaa | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
<!--Kuťťu tù sàvaari --> | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||