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===Proto-Carrick=== | ===Proto-Carrick=== | ||
Proto-Carrick, ranging from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries, underwent a series of significant changes: | |||
* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds: | * Changes to unstressed word-final sounds: | ||
** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'') | ** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'') | ||
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** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'') | ** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'') | ||
** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'') | ** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'') | ||
* '''I-Mutation | * '''Short I-Mutation:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni''). | ||
* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'') | * Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'') | ||
* Vowel Changes: | * Vowel Changes: | ||
** final-syllable ''oː > | ** final-syllable unstressed ''oː > uː, ɛː > eː'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kaduː'', ''tundɛː > tundeː'') | ||
** unstressed ''eː > | ** unstressed ''eː > iː'' | ||
** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'') | ** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'') | ||
* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. '' | * ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'') | ||
* '''Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants: | * '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants: | ||
** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'') | |||
** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,'' | ** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,'' | ||
** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' ('' | ** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'') | ||
** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, | ** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, saμæhisp > saμæisp'') | ||
* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ) | * Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx) | ||
* '''I-Mutation | * '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable: | ||
** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' | ** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' | ||
** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, | ** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, oː > œː, uː > yː'' | ||
===Early Carrick=== | |||
* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː)'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'') | |||
* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'') | |||
* '''Syncope:''' | |||
** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'') | |||
** unstressed ''æ, ø'' become ''e'' (e.g. ''salæn > salen'') | |||
** unstressed long vowels are shortened (e.g. ''ɔːduː > ɔːdu) | |||
* ''mp, nt, nk'' > ''pp, tt, kk'' | |||
===Late Carrick=== | |||
* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'') | |||
* ''h'' is lost before a consonant or pause, causing the preceding vowel to lengthen (e.g. ''saneh > saneː'', ''sihp > siːp'' | |||
* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu, siːp > seip, gjaːl > gjaul''). |
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