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(Created page with "===Common Brittonic=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C |- ! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar |- ! Plosive | width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g |- ! Fricative | ɸ || || s || || || || x || |- ! Nasal | ||...") |
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===Common Brittonic=== | ===Common Brittonic=== | ||
Carrick inherited the following consonant inventory from Common Brittonic: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic | |+ Inherited Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial | ! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial || colspan="2;"| Dental/</br>Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar || colspan="2;"| Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g | | width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| ɸ || || s || || || || x || | | ɸ || (β, μ) || s || (ð) || || || x || (ɣ) || (h) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| || m || || n || | || || || (ŋ) | | || m || || n || | || || || (ŋ) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Approximant | ! Approximant | ||
| || w || || l || || j || || | | || w || || l || || j || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Trill | ! Trill | ||
| || || || r || || || || | | || || || r || || || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
The process of lenition weakened intervocalic consonants, including those at the beginning and end of a word in continuous speech, creating a chain shift of voiceless stop > voiced stop > voiced fricative, plus ''m'' > ''μ'' (a voiced bilabial nasalised fricative), ''s > h'' and probably ''ɸ'' > Ø. Meanwhile, geminate stops and ''ss'' were shortened to fill the gap created by the lenited allophones (e.g. ''katus'' "battle" > ''kaduh'' but ''kattā'' > ''katā''). | |||
The Brittonic vowel inventory had already undergone changes, creating long monophthongs from old diphthongs. It consisted of five short and seven long vowels, plus triphthongs consisting of ''ijV'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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| a || || aː </br> (< aː, au) || | | a || || aː </br> (< aː, au) || | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Proto-Carrick=== | ===Proto-Carrick=== | ||
Proto-Carrick, ranging from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries, underwent a series of significant changes: | |||
* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds: | * Changes to unstressed word-final sounds: | ||
** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'') | ** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'') | ||
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** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'') | ** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'') | ||
** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'') | ** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'') | ||
* '''I-Mutation | * '''Short I-Mutation:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni''). | ||
* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'') | * Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'') | ||
* Vowel Changes: | * Vowel Changes: | ||
** final-syllable ''oː > | ** final-syllable unstressed ''oː > uː, ɛː > eː'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kaduː'', ''tundɛː > tundeː'') | ||
** unstressed ''eː > | ** unstressed ''eː > iː'' | ||
** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'') | ** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'') | ||
* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' | * ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' becomes ''h'' | ||
* '''Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants: | ** ''h'' < earlier ''x'' and ''s'' are lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'', ''swehr > sweːr) | ||
* '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants: | |||
** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'') | |||
** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,'' | ** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,'' | ||
** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' ('' | ** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'') | ||
** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > | ** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'' (''sanes > saneh, ) | ||
* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ) | * Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx) | ||
* '''I-Mutation | * '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable: | ||
** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' | ** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' | ||
** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, | ** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, oː > œː, uː > yː'' | ||
===Early Carrick=== | |||
* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː), w'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'') | |||
** word-initial combinations of (C)''w''V are mutated (e.g. ''sweːr > sœːr'', ''gwan- > gon-''). | |||
* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (e.g. ''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'') | |||
* '''Syncope:''' | |||
** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'') | |||
** unstressed ''æ, ø'' become ''e'' (e.g. ''salæn > salen'') | |||
** unstressed long vowels are shortened (e.g. ''ɔːduː > ɔːdu) | |||
* ''mp, nt, nk'' > ''pp, tt, kk'' | |||
===Late Carrick=== | |||
* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'') | |||
* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu''). | |||
* ''ɣ'' merges with ''h'' (< ''s'') (e.g. ''selɣ'' > ''selha'' | |||
* ''h'' is lost, with lengthening of preceding vowel: | |||
** before a consonant (e.g. ''sihp > siːp'') | |||
** between a consonant and a vowel (e.g. ''selha > seːla'') |
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