Linguifex

Yutch: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Yutch (view source)

Revision as of 13:58, 5 November 2023

9,068 bytes added ,  5 November 2023
no edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(157 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 59: Line 59:
-->
-->
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
====Alphabet====
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [eɪ]
|-
| '''B b''' || bee || [biː]
|-
| '''C c''' || cee || [siː]
|-
| '''D d''' || dee || [diː]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [iː]
|-
| '''F f''' || eff || [ɛf]
|-
| '''G g''' || gee || [d͡ʒiː]
|-
| '''H h''' || haitch || [heɪt͡ʃʰ]
|-
| '''I i''' || i || [aɪ]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''J j''' || jay || [d͡ʒeɪ]
|-
| '''K k''' || kay || [kʰeɪ]
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ɛm]
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ɛn]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [oʊ]
|-
| '''P p''' || pee || [pʰiː]
|-
| '''Q q''' || que || [kʰjuː]
|-
| '''R r''' || ar || [ɑɹ]
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''S s''' || ess || [ɛs]
|-
| '''T t''' || tee || [tʰiː]
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [juː]
|-
| '''V v''' || vee || [viː]
|-
| '''W w''' || double-u || [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː]
|-
| '''X x''' || ex || [ɛkʰs]
|-
| '''Y y''' || wye || [waɪ]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zed || [zɛd]
|}
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Line 85: Line 157:


Plural is usually formed in ''-(e)s''.
Plural is usually formed in ''-(e)s''.
The possessive is formed in ''-'s'' (<i>-'</i> after ''-s'').
===Adjectives===
Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.
====Comparative====
The positive comparative is formed in two ways:
*The suffix ''-er''.
*Preceding the adjective with the word ''maice'' "more" or ''pluce'' "more".
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''bone'' /boʊn/ "good" > ''milder'' /ˈmaɪldər/ "better"
*''malvatch'' /ˈmælvətʃ/ "bad" > ''pire'' /ˈpaɪər/ "worse"
*''moult'' /mɔʊlt/ "much, many" > ''maire'' /mɛr/ "more" or ''pluce'' /pluːs/ "more"
*''pawk'' /pɔːk/ "little, few" > ''mainder'' /ˈmeɪndər/ "less, fewer"
The negative comparative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mains'' "less".
====Superlative====
The positive superlative is formed in two ways:
*The suffix ''-ism''
*Preceding the adjective with the word ''maxem'' "most"
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' /ˈɒtɪm/ "best"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' /ˈpɛsɪm/ "worse"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' /ˈmæksɪm/ "most"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' /ˈmeɪnɪm/ "least, fewest"
The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least".
===Adverbs===
====Adverbs of manner====
Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix ''-ment''.
Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:
*''bone'' "good" > ''bean'' /biːn/ "well"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''male'' /meɪl/ "badly"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''moult'' "much"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''pawk'' "little"
====Comparative and superlative====
The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.
The following adverbs have irregular comparatives:
*''bean'' "well" > ''miles'' /maɪlz/ "better"
*''male'' "badly" > ''pice'' /paɪs/ "worse"
*''moult'' "much" > ''maice'' /meɪs/ "more" or ''pluce'' "more"
*''pawk'' "little" > ''mains'' /meɪnz/ "less"
===Articles===
===Articles===
Precede the noun they modify.
Precede the noun they modify.
*'''Definite article:''' ''le''
*'''Definite article:''' ''le'' /lə, (stressed) liː/
*'''Indefinite article (only in the singular):''' ''a'' (before consonants), ''an'' (before vowels)
*'''Indefinite article (only in the singular):'''
*Before consonants: ''a'' /ə, (stressed) ʌ/
*Before vowels: ''an'' /ən, (stressed) ʌn/


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 97: Line 225:
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| you || me || my || mine
| you /juː/ || me /miː/ || my /maɪ/ || mine /maɪn/
|-
|-
! 2S (arch.)
! 2S (arch.)
| tou || te || ty || tine
| tou /taʊ/ || te /tiː/ || ty /taɪ/ || tine /taɪn/
|-
|-
! 3SM
! 3SM
| el || el || sy || sine
| ill /ɪl/ || le /liː/ || sy /saɪ/ || sine /saɪn/
|-
|-
! 3SF
! 3SF
| lay || lay || lay || lays
| ell /ɛl/ || lay /leɪ/ || lay /leɪ/ || lays /leɪz/
|-
|-
! 3SN
! 3SN
| lou || lou || louse || louse
| louth /laʊθ/ || louth /laʊθ/ || louths /laʊθs/ || louths /laʊθs/
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| noose || noose || noster || nosters
| noose /nuːs/ || noose /nuːs/ || noster /nʌstər/ || nosters /nʌstərz/
|-
|-
! 2S+P
! 2S+P
| woose || woose || woster || wosters
| woose /wuːs/ || woose /wuːs/ || woster /wʌstər/ || wosters /wʌstərz/
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| else || else || lour || lours
| lie /laɪ/ || else /ɛls/ || lour /laʊər/ || lours /laʊərz/
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 126: Line 254:
|+ Twench numerals
|+ Twench numerals
|-
|-
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| Cardinal !! colspan="2"| Ordinal !! colspan="2"| Fractional
|-
! Orth. !! IPA !! Orth. !! IPA !! Orth. !! IPA
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| null || nullem || —
| null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem ||  /ˈnʊlɪm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ || – || –
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| une || prime || —
| une || /juːn/ || prime || /praɪm/ || – ||–
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| doose || second || demy
| doose || /duːs/ || second || /ˈsɛkənd/ ||dimmey || /ˈdɪmi/
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| treece || terce || terce
| treece || /triːs/ || terch || /tɜrtʃ/ ||terch || /tɜrtʃ/
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| quatter || quart || quart
| quatter || /ˈkwɒtər/ || quart || /kwɔrt/ || quart || /kwɔrt/
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| cink || kint || kint
| chink || /tʃɪŋk/ || kint || /kɪnt/ ||kint || /kɪnt/
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| six || sixem || sixem
| six || /sɪks/ || sixt || /sɪkst/ ||sixt || /sɪkst/
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| set || settem || settem
| set || /sɛt/ || settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/ ||settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ought || oughtem || oughtem
| aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| noove || noovem || noovem
| nove || /noʊv/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɪm/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɔm/
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| deace || deacem || deacem
| deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| onze || onzem || onzem
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| dozz || dozzem || dozzem
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| trezz || trezzem || trezzem
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
| quatterze || quatterzem || quatterzem
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| kinze || kinzem || kinzem
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
| sezz || sezzem || sezzem
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒɪm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| setdiss || setdissem || setdissem
| setditch || /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| waint || waintem || waintem
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntɪm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntɪm/
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
| waint-une || waint-prime || waint-unem
| waint-une || /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| traint || traintem || traintem
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| quarant || quarantem || quarantem
| quarent || /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| cinkant || cinkantem || cinkantem
| chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| sixant || sixantem || sixantem
| sixent || /ˈsɪksɪnt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| settant || settantem || settantem
| settent || /ˈsɛtɪnt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| oughtant || oughtantem || oughtantem
| aughtent || /ˈɔːtɪnt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| noovant || noovantem || noovantem
| novent || /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| cent || centem || centem
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| mill || millem || millem
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/
|-
|-
! 10⁶
! 10⁶
| million || millionem || millionem
| million || /ˈmɪl.jən/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
====Principal parts====
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from two principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present and the past participle.
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.


These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.


====Verb classes====
====Verb classes====
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
Verbs may be regular or irregular.


In regular verbs, the past stem is derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffix ''-et'' (''-t'' after final ''-e'').
In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffixes ''-eve'' and ''-et'' respectively (''-ve'' and ''-t'' after final ''-e'' or another final vowel).
<!--
<!--
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
Line 254: Line 386:
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.-->
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.-->
 
<!--
A few verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle.
Some irregular verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle.-->


====Personal endings====
====Personal endings====
Line 262: Line 394:
*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular
*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular


Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.
 
Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
<!--
<!--
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
Line 293: Line 427:
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->
 
====Tenses====
====Tenses====
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb ''at est''  
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb ''at est'' followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb ''at have'' "to have" followed by the past participle.
 
The future is formed with the modal verb ''woll'' "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).
 
====Voice====
The passive is formed with the verb ''at est'' "to be" followed by the past participle.
 
====Non-finite forms====
====Non-finite forms====
'''Infinitive:''' ''at'' + present stem
'''Infinitive:''' ''at'' + present stem


'''Present participle:''' present stem + -(e)nd
'''Bare infinitive:''' present stem
 
'''Present participle:''' present stem + ''-(e)nt''


'''Past participle:''' past stem
'''Past participle:''' past stem
====Negation and Interrogation====
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word ''newn'' /n(j)uːn/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as <i>'n</i>).
Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb ''at fay'' "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
*''You cant.'' "I sing." > ''You fay newn cant.'' "I do not sing." / ''You fay'n cant.'' "I don't sing."
*''Ill dorms.'' "He sleeps." > ''Fays ill dorm?'' "Does he sleep?"
*''Ell manges.'' "She eats." > ''Keeth fays ell mange?'' "What does she eat?"
*''Lie wise.'' "They saw." > ''Lie fetch weethe.'' "They did see."
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
*''Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep."
**Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic.
*''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?"
Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:
*''You cant newn.'' "I sing not."
*''Dorms ill?'' "Sleeps he?"
*''Keeth manges ell?'' "What eats she?"


====Examples of verbs====
====Examples of verbs====
<!--'''Class 1 regular - ''kantaar'' "to sing"'''
====='''Regular - ''cant'' /kænt/, ''canteve'' /ˈkæntɪv/, ''cantet'' /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at cant
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|cantent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|cantet
|-
! !! Present  !! Past!! Imperative
|-
! you
| cant || canteve ||
|-
! tou
| cantest || cantevest || cant
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| cants || canteve ||
|-
! noose
| cant || canteve ||
|-
! woose
| cant || canteve || cant
|-
! lie
| cant || canteve ||
|-
|}
 
====='''Irregular - ''cathe'' /keɪð/, ''case'' /keɪz/ "to fall"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kantaar'' "to sing"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kantaar
| colspan="2"|at cathe
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|cathent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|case
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| cathe || case ||
|-
! tou
| cathest || casest || cathe
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| cathes || case ||
|-
! noose
| cathe || case ||
|-
! woose
| cathe || case || cathe
|-
! lie
| cathe || case ||
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
|}
| colspan="3"| kantaant
 
====='''Irregular - ''die'' /daɪ/, ''dix'' /dɪks/, ''dight'' /daɪt/ "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at die
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kantaat
| colspan="2"|dient
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|dight
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! jou
! you
| kant || kante || kantaai || kantase ||
| die || dix ||
|-
|-
! tu
! tou
| kants || kantes || kantaas || kantases || kant
| diest || dixest || die
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
! ill/ell/louth
| kantet || kantet || kantaat || kantaset ||
| dies || dix ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
! noose
| kantens || kantens || kantaans || kantasens ||
| die || dix ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
! woose
| kantets || kantets || kantaats || kantasets || kantets
| die || dix || die
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
! lie
| kanten || kanten || kantaan || kantasen ||
| die || dix ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Class 2a regular - ''perijr'' "to perish"'''
====='''Irregular - ''est'' /ɛst/, ''fow'' /foʊ/, ''estet'' /ˈɛstət/ "to be"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''perijr'' "to perish"
|+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| perijr
| colspan="2"|at est
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| perissent
| colspan="2"|estent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| perijt
| colspan="2"|estet
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
! you
| son || fow ||
|-
|-
! jou
! tou
| peris || perisse || perij || perise ||
| ist || fowst || est
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| is || fow ||
|-
! noose
| son || fore ||
|-
! woose
| son || fore || est
|-
! lie
| son || fore ||
|-
|}
*''is'' /ɪz/
*''ist'' /ɪst/
*''son'' /sʌn/
*''fore'' /fɔr/
 
====='''Irregular: ''have'' /hæv/, ''hat'' /hæt/ "to have"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at have
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|havent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|hat
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| have || hat ||
|-
|-
! tu
! tu
| perisses || perisses || perijs || perises || peris
| hast || hatst || have
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
! ill/ell/louth
| perist || perisset || perijt || periset ||
| has || hat ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
! noose
| perissens || perissens || perijns || perisens ||
| have || hat ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
! woose
| perissets || perissets || perijts || perisets || perissets
| have || hat || have
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
! lie
| perissen || perissen || perijn || perisen ||
| have || hat || have
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Class 2b regular - ''doermijr'' "to sleep"'''
====='''Irregular - ''fay'' /feɪ/, ''fetch'' /fɛtʃ/, ''faight'' /feɪt/ "to do"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doermijr'' "to sleep"
|+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doermijr
| colspan="2"|at fay
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|fayent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| doerment
| colspan="2"|faight
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
| colspan="3"| doermijt
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
! you
| fay || fetch ||
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
! tou
| fayest || fetchest || fay
|-
|-
! jou
! ill/ell/louth
| doerm || doerme || doermij || doermise ||
| fays || fetch ||
|-
|-
! tu
! noose
| doerms || doermes || doermijs || doermises || doerm
| fay || fetch ||
|-
! woose
| fay || fetch || fay
|-
! lie
| fay || fetch ||
|-
|}
*''fays'' /fɛz/
*''fayest'' /fɛst/
 
====Modal verbs====
*''woll'' /wʊl/ "will"
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n'' /woʊn/.
*''woulce'' /wʊls/ "would"
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>.
*''shy'' /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
*''shiss'' /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
*''deve'' /diːv/ "shall"
*''deuce'' /d(j)uːs/ "must"
*''derry'' /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
*''pote'' /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''pouts'' /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tense''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Saisons''
! English !! Yutch
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
| spring || printense /ˈprɪntɛns/
| doermt || doermet || doermijt || doermiset ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| summer || estate /ˈɛstɪt/
| doermens || doermens || doermijns || doermisens ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| fall || autumn /ˈɔːtəm/
| doermets || doermets || doermijts || doermisets || doermets
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
| winter || ivern /ˈaɪvərn/
| doermen || doermen || doermijn || doermisen ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Class 3 regular - ''weinder'' "to sell"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weinder'' "to sell"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorian meeses''
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! English !! Yutch
| colspan="3"| weinder
|-
| January || Yanevare /ˈjænvɛr/
|-
| February || Feverare /ˈfɛvrɛr/
|-
| March || March /mɑrtʃ/
|-
| April || April /ˈeɪprɪl/
|-
| May || May /meɪ/
|-
| June || June /dʒuːn/
|-
| July || Jule /dʒuːl/
|-
| August || August /ˈɔːɡəst/
|-
| September || September /sɛpˈtɛmbər/
|-
| October || October /ɔkˈtoʊbər/
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| November || November /noʊˈvɛmbər/
| colspan="3"| weindent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| December || December /dɪˈsɛmbər/
| colspan="3"| weindet
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Yorns de le smane''
! English !! Yutch
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
| Sunday || Dimendy /ˈdɪməndi/ <!--Dimenk /dɪˈmɛnk/-->
|-
|-
! jou
| Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/
| weind || weinde || weindui || weinduse ||
|-
|-
! tu
| Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/
| weinds || weindes || weinduus || weinduses || weind
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
| Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/
| weindt || weindet || weinduust || weinduset ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/
| weindens || weindens || weinduuns || weindusens ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/
| weindets || weindets || weinduuts || weindusets || weindets
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
| Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/
| weinden || weinden || weinduun || weindusen ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''dijr'' "to say"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dijr'' "to say"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Parts de le yorn''
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! English !! Yutch
| colspan="3"| dijr
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| dawn || alb /ælb/
| colspan="3"| disent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| morning || mattin /ˈmatɪn/
| colspan="3"| dit
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
| noon || middy /ˈmɪdi/
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
| afternoon || apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
|-
|-
! jou
| evening || seer /sir/
| dijs || dise || disui || disuse ||
|-
|-
! tu
| dusk || wesper /ˈwɛspər/
| dises || dises || disuus || disuses || dij
|-
| night || naught /nɔːt/
|-
| midnight || midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Units de tense''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| second || second /ˈsɛkənd/
|-
| minute || minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
|-
| hour || hour /ˈaʊər/
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
| week || smane /ˈsmeɪn/
| dijst || diset || disuust || disuset ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| month || meese /miːs/
| disens || disens || disuuns || disusens ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| season || saison /ˈseɪzən/
| disets || disets || disuuts || disusets || disets
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
| year || ann /æn/
| disen || disen || disuun || disusen ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''ester'' "to be"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''ester'' "to be"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tense adverbs''
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! English !! Yutch
| colspan="3"| ester
|-
| now || awore /əˈwɔr/
|-
| then || lorce /lɔrs/
|-
| recently, a short time ago || recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
|-
| earlier || setter /ˈsɛtər/
|-
| soon, shortly || toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
|-
| later || tarder /ˈtardər/
|-
| always || sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
|-
| often || sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
|-
| sometimes || awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
|-
| rarely || rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
|-
| never || namace /ˈnæməs/
|-
| ever || yamace /ˈjæməs/
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| still, yet || ancor /'æŋkər/
| colspan="3"| estent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| already || yay /jeɪ/
| colspan="3"| estet
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
| today || oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
| tonight || anought /əˈnɔːt/
|-
|-
! jou
| yesterday || ear /ir/
| zui || zeie || fui || fuse ||
|-
|-
! tu
| last night || detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
| es || zeies || fuus || fuses || zei
|-
| tomorrow || demane /dəˈmeɪn/
|-
| before yesterday || avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
|-
| two nights ago || doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
| after tomorrow || apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
| est || zeiet || fuut || fuset ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| this week || chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
| zons || zeiens || fuuns || fusens ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| last week || detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
| ests || zeiets || fuuts || fusets || zeits
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
| next week || proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/
| zon || zeien || fuun || fusen ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Irregular: ''hawer'' "to have"'''
===Colours - ''Colours''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''hawer'' "to haver"
|+ Colours - ''Colours''
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
! English !! Yutch
| colspan="3"| hawer
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| white || blank /blæŋk/
| colspan="3"| hawent
|-
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| grey || grice /ɡraɪs/
| colspan="3"| haawt
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
| black || nare /nɛr/
|-
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
| red || roy /rɔɪ/
|-
|-
! jou
| orange || orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
| haai || hawe || hawui || hawuse ||
|-
|-
! tu
| brown || brune /bruːn/
| haas || hawes || hawuus || hawuses || haaw
|-
| yellow || gall /ɡɔːl/
|-
| green || word /wɜrd/
|-
|-
! el/elle/lou
| blue || blaw /blɔː/
| haat || hawet || hawuut || hawuset ||
|-
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| pink || rose /roʊz/
| hawens || hawens || hawuuns || hawusens ||
|-
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| purple || purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
| hawets || hawets || hawuuts || hawusets || hawets
|-
|-
! els/elzeuts
| golden || daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/
| hawen || hawen || hawuun || hawusen ||
|-
|-
|}-->
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Toot human esters nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Else son endootet of raison et conscience, et else deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
 
/tuːt ˈhjuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvər ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtɪt ət dreɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈreɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛri eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltər ɪn ə ˈspɪrɪt də frɑːðərtɪt/


/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstəɹz næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ ɛls sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət ɛls diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
7,077

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/294318...328805"