Yutch: Difference between revisions

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The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' /ˈɒtəm/ "best"
*''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' /ˈɒtɪm/ "best"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' /ˈpɛsəm/ "worse"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' /ˈpɛsɪm/ "worse"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' /ˈmæksəm/ "most"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' /ˈmæksɪm/ "most"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' /ˈmeɪnəm/ "least, fewest"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' /ˈmeɪnɪm/ "least, fewest"


The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least".
The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least".
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====Comparative and superlative====
====Comparative and superlative====
The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives ate identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.  
The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.  


The following adverbs have irregular comparatives:
The following adverbs have irregular comparatives:
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|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem ||  /ˈnʊləm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ || – || –
| null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem ||  /ˈnʊlɪm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ || – || –
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
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|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| set || /sɛt/ || settem || /ˈsɛtəm/ ||settem || /ˈsɛtəm/
| set || /sɛt/ || settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/ ||settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtəm/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtəm/
| aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| nove || /noʊv/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvəm/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvəm/
| nove || /noʊv/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɪm/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɔm/
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃəm/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃəm/
| deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒəm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒəm/
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒəm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒəm/
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒəm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒəm/
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒəm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒəm/
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒəm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒəm/
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒɪm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒɪm/
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| setditch || /sɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/
| setditch || /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntəm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntəm/
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntɪm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntɪm/
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
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|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntəm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntəm/
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| quarent || /ˈkwɔrənt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/
| quarent || /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkənt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/
| chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| sixent || /ˈsɪksənt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/
| sixent || /ˈsɪksɪnt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| settent || /ˈsɛtənt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/
| settent || /ˈsɛtɪnt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| aughtent || /ˈɔːtənt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/
| aughtent || /ˈɔːtɪnt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| novent || /ˈnoʊvənt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/
| novent || /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntəm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntəm/
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪləm/ || millem || /ˈmɪləm/
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/
|-
|-
! 10⁶
! 10⁶
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
====Principal parts====
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present, the simple past, and the past participle.
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.


These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
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*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular
*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular


Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.
 
Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
<!--
<!--
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
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Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
*Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep."
*''Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep."
**Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic.
**Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic.
*''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?"
*''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?"
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====Examples of verbs====
====Examples of verbs====
'''Regular - ''at cant'' "to sing"'''
====='''Regular - ''cant'' /kænt/, ''canteve'' /ˈkæntɪv/, ''cantet'' /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing"
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|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''at cathe'' "to fall"'''
====='''Irregular - ''cathe'' /keɪð/, ''case'' /keɪz/ "to fall"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall"
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|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''at die'' "to say"'''
====='''Irregular - ''die'' /daɪ/, ''dix'' /dɪks/, ''dight'' /daɪt/ "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say"
|+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say"
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|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''at est'' "to be"'''
====='''Irregular - ''est'' /ɛst/, ''fow'' /foʊ/, ''estet'' /ˈɛstət/ "to be"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be"
|+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
*''is'' /ɪz/
*''ist'' /ɪst/
*''son'' /sʌn/
*''fore'' /fɔr/


'''Irregular: ''at have'' "to have"'''
====='''Irregular: ''have'' /hæv/, ''hat'' /hæt/ "to have"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have"
|+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have"
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|}
|}


'''Irregular - ''at fay'' "to do"'''
====='''Irregular - ''fay'' /feɪ/, ''fetch'' /fɛtʃ/, ''faight'' /feɪt/ "to do"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do"
|+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
*''fays'' /fɛz/
*''fayest'' /fɛst/


====Modal verbs====
====Modal verbs====
*''woll'' "will"
*''woll'' /wʊl/ "will"
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n'' /woʊn/.
*''woulce'' "would"
*''woulce'' /wʊls/ "would"
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>.
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>.
*''shy'' "can (has the ability to)"
*''shy'' /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
*''shiss'' "could (had the ability to)"
*''shiss'' /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
*''deve'' "shall"
*''deve'' /diːv/ "shall"
*''deuce'' "must"
*''deuce'' /d(j)uːs/ "must"
*''derry'' "should, ought to"
*''derry'' /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
*''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''pote'' /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''pouts'' "might, could (was permitted to)"
*''pouts'' /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tense''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Saisons''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| spring || printense /ˈprɪntɛns/
|-
| summer || estate /ˈɛstɪt/
|-
| fall || autumn /ˈɔːtəm/
|-
| winter || ivern /ˈaɪvərn/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorian meeses''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| January || Yanevare /ˈjænvɛr/
|-
| February || Feverare /ˈfɛvrɛr/
|-
| March || March /mɑrtʃ/
|-
| April || April /ˈeɪprɪl/
|-
| May || May /meɪ/
|-
| June || June /dʒuːn/
|-
| July || Jule /dʒuːl/
|-
| August || August /ˈɔːɡəst/
|-
| September || September /sɛpˈtɛmbər/
|-
| October || October /ɔkˈtoʊbər/
|-
| November || November /noʊˈvɛmbər/
|-
| December || December /dɪˈsɛmbər/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Yorns de le smane''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| Sunday || Dimendy /ˈdɪməndi/ <!--Dimenk /dɪˈmɛnk/-->
|-
| Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/
|-
| Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/
|-
| Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/
|-
| Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/
|-
| Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/
|-
| Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Parts de le yorn''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
| dawn || alb /ælb/
|-
| morning || mattin /ˈmatɪn/
|-
| noon || middy /ˈmɪdi/
|-
| afternoon || apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
|-
| evening || seer /sir/
|-
| dusk || wesper /ˈwɛspər/
|-
| night || naught /nɔːt/
|-
| midnight || midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Units de tense''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| second || second /ˈsɛkənd/
|-
| minute || minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
|-
| hour || hour /ˈaʊər/
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
| week || smane /ˈsmeɪn/
|-
| month || meese /miːs/
|-
| season || saison /ˈseɪzən/
|-
| year || ann /æn/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tense adverbs''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| now || awore /əˈwɔr/
|-
| then || lorce /lɔrs/
|-
| recently, a short time ago || recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
|-
| earlier || setter /ˈsɛtər/
|-
| soon, shortly || toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
|-
| later || tarder /ˈtardər/
|-
| always || sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
|-
| often || sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
|-
| sometimes || awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
|-
| rarely || rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
|-
| never || namace /ˈnæməs/
|-
| ever || yamace /ˈjæməs/
|-
| still, yet || ancor /'æŋkər/
|-
| already || yay /jeɪ/
|-
| today || oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
|-
| tonight || anought /əˈnɔːt/
|-
| yesterday || ear /ir/
|-
| last night || detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
|-
| tomorrow || demane /dəˈmeɪn/
|-
| before yesterday || avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
|-
| two nights ago || doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
|-
| after tomorrow || apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
|-
| this week || chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
|-
| last week || detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
|-
| next week || proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Colours''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Colours''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| white || blank /blæŋk/
|-
| grey || grice /ɡraɪs/
|-
| black || nare /nɛr/
|-
| red || roy /rɔɪ/
|-
| orange || orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
|-
| brown || brune /bruːn/
|-
| yellow || gall /ɡɔːl/
|-
| green || word /wɜrd/
|-
| blue || blaw /blɔː/
|-
| pink || rose /roʊz/
|-
| purple || purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
|-
| golden || daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.


/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛɹi eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt frɑːðəɹtət/
/tuːt ˈhjuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvər ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtɪt ət dreɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈreɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛri eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltər ɪn ə ˈspɪrɪt frɑːðərtɪt/


All human beings are born free and ewual in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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