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The following adjectives have irregular comparatives: | The following adjectives have irregular comparatives: | ||
*''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' / | *''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' /ˈɒtɪm/ "best" | ||
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' / | *''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' /ˈpɛsɪm/ "worse" | ||
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' / | *''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' /ˈmæksɪm/ "most" | ||
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' / | *''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' /ˈmeɪnɪm/ "least, fewest" | ||
The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least". | The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least". | ||
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====Comparative and superlative==== | ====Comparative and superlative==== | ||
The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives | The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives. | ||
The following adverbs have irregular comparatives: | The following adverbs have irregular comparatives: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem || / | | null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem || /ˈnʊlɪm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ || – || – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| set || /sɛt/ || settem || / | | set || /sɛt/ || settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/ ||settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || / | | aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| nove || /noʊv/ || novem || / | | nove || /noʊv/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɪm/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɔm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || / | | deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || / | | onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || / | | dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || / | | tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || / | | quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || / | | kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || / | | sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒɪm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| setditch || / | | setditch || /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || / | | waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntɪm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 21 | ! 21 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || / | | traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 40 | ! 40 | ||
| quarent || / | | quarent || /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 50 | ! 50 | ||
| chinkent || / | | chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 60 | ! 60 | ||
| sixent || / | | sixent || /ˈsɪksɪnt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 70 | ! 70 | ||
| settent || / | | settent || /ˈsɛtɪnt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 80 | ! 80 | ||
| aughtent || / | | aughtent || /ˈɔːtɪnt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 90 | ! 90 | ||
| novent || / | | novent || /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || / | | chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || / | | mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10⁶ | ! 10⁶ | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Principal parts==== | ====Principal parts==== | ||
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the | For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle. | ||
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form. | These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form. | ||
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*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular | *''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular | ||
Besides the above | Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem. | ||
Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms. | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form. | Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form. | ||
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Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples: | Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples: | ||
*Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep." | *''Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep." | ||
**Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic. | **Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic. | ||
*''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?" | *''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?" | ||
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====Examples of verbs==== | ====Examples of verbs==== | ||
'''Regular - '' | ====='''Regular - ''cant'' /kænt/, ''canteve'' /ˈkæntɪv/, ''cantet'' /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing" | |+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Irregular - '' | ====='''Irregular - ''cathe'' /keɪð/, ''case'' /keɪz/ "to fall"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall" | |+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Irregular - '' | ====='''Irregular - ''die'' /daɪ/, ''dix'' /dɪks/, ''dight'' /daɪt/ "to say"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say" | |+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Irregular - '' | ====='''Irregular - ''est'' /ɛst/, ''fow'' /foʊ/, ''estet'' /ˈɛstət/ "to be"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be" | |+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''is'' /ɪz/ | |||
*''ist'' /ɪst/ | |||
*''son'' /sʌn/ | |||
*''fore'' /fɔr/ | |||
'''Irregular: '' | ====='''Irregular: ''have'' /hæv/, ''hat'' /hæt/ "to have"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have" | |+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Irregular - '' | ====='''Irregular - ''fay'' /feɪ/, ''fetch'' /fɛtʃ/, ''faight'' /feɪt/ "to do"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do" | |+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''fays'' /fɛz/ | |||
*''fayest'' /fɛst/ | |||
====Modal verbs==== | ====Modal verbs==== | ||
*''woll'' "will" | *''woll'' /wʊl/ "will" | ||
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>. | **Can contract as <i>'ll</i>. | ||
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''. | **Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n'' /woʊn/. | ||
*''woulce'' "would" | *''woulce'' /wʊls/ "would" | ||
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>. | **Can contract as <i>'lce</i>. | ||
*''shy'' "can (has the ability to)" | *''shy'' /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)" | ||
*''shiss'' "could (had the ability to)" | *''shiss'' /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)" | ||
*''deve'' "shall" | *''deve'' /diːv/ "shall" | ||
*''deuce'' "must" | *''deuce'' /d(j)uːs/ "must" | ||
*''derry'' "should, ought to" | *''derry'' /dɛri/ "should, ought to" | ||
*''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)" | *''pote'' /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)" | ||
*''pouts'' "might, could (was permitted to)" | *''pouts'' /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)" | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''Tense''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''Saisons'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| spring || printense /ˈprɪntɛns/ | |||
|- | |||
| summer || estate /ˈɛstɪt/ | |||
|- | |||
| fall || autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ | |||
|- | |||
| winter || ivern /ˈaɪvərn/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorian meeses'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| January || Yanevare /ˈjænvɛr/ | |||
|- | |||
| February || Feverare /ˈfɛvrɛr/ | |||
|- | |||
| March || March /mɑrtʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
| April || April /ˈeɪprɪl/ | |||
|- | |||
| May || May /meɪ/ | |||
|- | |||
| June || June /dʒuːn/ | |||
|- | |||
| July || Jule /dʒuːl/ | |||
|- | |||
| August || August /ˈɔːɡəst/ | |||
|- | |||
| September || September /sɛpˈtɛmbər/ | |||
|- | |||
| October || October /ɔkˈtoʊbər/ | |||
|- | |||
| November || November /noʊˈvɛmbər/ | |||
|- | |||
| December || December /dɪˈsɛmbər/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''Yorns de le smane'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || Dimendy /ˈdɪməndi/ <!--Dimenk /dɪˈmɛnk/--> | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/ | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/ | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/ | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/ | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/ | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''Parts de le yorn'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| day || yorn /jɔrn/ | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || alb /ælb/ | |||
|- | |||
| morning || mattin /ˈmatɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| noon || middy /ˈmɪdi/ | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/ | |||
|- | |||
| evening || seer /sir/ | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || wesper /ˈwɛspər/ | |||
|- | |||
| night || naught /nɔːt/ | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/ | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''Units de tense'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| second || second /ˈsɛkənd/ | |||
|- | |||
| minute || minute /ˈmɪnɪt/ | |||
|- | |||
| hour || hour /ˈaʊər/ | |||
|- | |||
| day || yorn /jɔrn/ | |||
|- | |||
| week || smane /ˈsmeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| month || meese /miːs/ | |||
|- | |||
| season || saison /ˈseɪzən/ | |||
|- | |||
| year || ann /æn/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tense adverbs'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| now || awore /əˈwɔr/ | |||
|- | |||
| then || lorce /lɔrs/ | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/ | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || setter /ˈsɛtər/ | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/ | |||
|- | |||
| later || tarder /ˈtardər/ | |||
|- | |||
| always || sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/ | |||
|- | |||
| often || sovent /ˈsʌvənt/ | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/ | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/ | |||
|- | |||
| never || namace /ˈnæməs/ | |||
|- | |||
| ever || yamace /ˈjæməs/ | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || ancor /'æŋkər/ | |||
|- | |||
| already || yay /jeɪ/ | |||
|- | |||
| today || oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/ | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || anought /əˈnɔːt/ | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || ear /ir/ | |||
|- | |||
| last night || detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/ | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || demane /dəˈmeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || avent ear /ˈævənt ir/ | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/ | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| this week || chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| last week || detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
| next week || proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''Colours''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''Colours'' | |||
! English !! Yutch | |||
|- | |||
| white || blank /blæŋk/ | |||
|- | |||
| grey || grice /ɡraɪs/ | |||
|- | |||
| black || nare /nɛr/ | |||
|- | |||
| red || roy /rɔɪ/ | |||
|- | |||
| orange || orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| brown || brune /bruːn/ | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || gall /ɡɔːl/ | |||
|- | |||
| green || word /wɜrd/ | |||
|- | |||
| blue || blaw /blɔː/ | |||
|- | |||
| pink || rose /roʊz/ | |||
|- | |||
| purple || purple /ˈpɜrpəl/ | |||
|- | |||
| golden || daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
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Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate. | Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate. | ||
/tuːt | /tuːt ˈhjuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvər ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtɪt ət dreɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈreɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛri eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltər ɪn ə ˈspɪrɪt də frɑːðərtɪt/ | ||
All human beings are born free and | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||