Ciètian: Difference between revisions

[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>

[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>

|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]

|creator= [[User:IlL]]

|nativename = ''i Xjiaoleng''

|region = Talma

|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]

'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (natively ''i Xjiaoleng'') is a minority [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, Irish, and German.

***e.g. cell 'small' > *cĕoll > qiol

*''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book'

*''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'')

*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''

*sk palatalizes to sh

*liangr /ljã:/ = dream (< lemhar)

The following describes {{SUBPAGENAME}} as spoken in Sdiemīn.

In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vea'' is always stressed.

Xjiaolan has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

 

| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ''' /yː/

| '''ū''' /uː/

| '''ē''' /ɤː/

|rowspan="2"|'''ie, üe'''

|rowspan="2"|'''(i)ē, (ü)ē'''

| '''(u)ō''' /ɔː/

Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/

Diphthongs: '''ai ao ei ou iu''' /aj aw ej əw jəw/

*ir, īr, iur /(j)ə:/

*eir /ɛ:/

There is no linking R, unlike in Received Pronunciation.

Initial /θ/ and /x/ in loans are rendered /t/ and /k/ respectively (cf. German pronounces initial ''ch'' in Greek loans as /k/). Non-initial /θ/ and /x/ become /ħ/ and /x/.

Stress is usually as in the original language; non-initially stressed words lengthen the stressed vowel. Example: ''bintawisraaw'' /bintəwisˈraːw/ 'republic'.

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

!|Root consonant

|''m'' /m/||''p'' /p/||''b'' /b/||''f'' /f/||''t'' /t/||''d'' /d/||''cy'' /tɕ/||''jy'' /dʑ/||''s'' /s/||''sy'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʃ/||''k'' /k/||''g'' /g/||''ch'' /tʃ/||''jh'' /dʒ/||''0'' /Ø/, ''y'' /j/

|''vm'' /v/ ||''fp'' /f/ ||''vb'' /v/ ||''hf'' /h/||''ħt'' /ħ/||''d'' /d/||''scy'' /ɕ/||''zjy'' /ʑ/||''hs'' /h/||''sy'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʃ/||''xk'' /x/||''γg'' /ɣ/||''sch'' /ʃ/||''zjh'' /ʒ/|| add ''h' '' /h/

|''m'' /m/||''bp'' /b/||''mb'' /m/||''vf'' /v/||''dt'' /d/||''nd'' /n/||''jcy'' /dʑ/||''njy'' /ɲ/||''zs'' /z/||''zsy'' /ʑ/||''zsh'' /ʒ/||''gk'' /g/||''ŋg'' /ŋ/||''jch'' /dʑ/||''njh'' /ɲ/|| add ''n' '' /n/

*Native words in f- retained

*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.

 

Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension.

*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ny'' to the genitive singular.

The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.

The singular definite article ''i'' and ''i^N'' changes to ''in'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel. For example:  

*''*i^N uar'' > ''in uar'' (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';

*''*i aavaħ'' > ''in aavaħ'' (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.

*''i^L ascooc'' > ''i h'ascooc'' (feminine) 'the guilt (nominative)'.

The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.

To be revised:

! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural || colspan=3 | collective

! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.

| ''i^N'' || ''i^L'' || ''i''  || ''na'' || ''nar'' || ''na^N'' || ''ba^N'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba''

| ''na^L'' || ''na^L'' || ''i^N'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba^N''

Attributive adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives have fewer principal parts than nouns, namely just the nominative singular and genitive singular which is identical to the nominative masculine/neuter plural. The feminine plural always ends in ''-ar'', and the genitive plural always ends in ''-ny''.

|+ Attributive forms of ''chow, chow, chowa'' 'small'

! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  

| ''jchow'' || ''schow'' || ''chow''  || ''chowa'' || ''chowar'' || ''jchowa''  

| ''schowa'' || ''jchowa'' || ''jchowa'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany''  

Modern {{PAGENAME}} has a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. (Verbal nouns do not decline.) Example:

:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)

|-

|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''

|''kon''||''ker''||''kov''||''kos''||''ko''||''kom''||''kod''||''kox''||''koo''||''koħ''||''kor''

|''pon''||''per''||''pov''||''pos''||''po''||''pom''||''pod''||''pox''||''poo''||''poħ''||''por''

|}

¹ from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)

If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''wa naa'' = to me, for me.

**yirascooc, yirascooc (f) 'innocence', from ''ascooc'' (f) 'guilt'

*''-gaan, -gaany, -gaany'' = -able?

*''-ax, -asy, -axa'' (n) = verbal noun

:'''''Nyav baa gew gkar asŋea gasaan ak ascii nea woŋŋacy ak nea vmarozh. Nyav ar·seciin nea na vmiishiin ak i n'astorŋax, ak nya ar hu wa poda baraaħanar nea na weesycy na syarbacy.'''''

:/ɲəv baː gɛw gaɾ əsˈŋɛː gəˈsaːn ək əsˈtsiː nɛː ˈwoŋːətɕ ək nɛː vəˈɾɔʒ. ɲəv əɾsɛˈtsiːn nɛ nə viːˈʃiːn ək i nəstɔɾˈŋax, ək ɲə ˈaɾ hu wə pɔˈda bəˈraːħənəɾ nɛː nə ˈweːɕtɕ nə ɕəɾˈbatɕ./