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|name = Gaju | |name = Gaju | ||
|nativename = Gaju | |nativename = Gaju | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = 'kä˩cu˥ | ||
|region = Southeast Asia | |region = Southeast Asia | ||
|states = Rtuha, Uya, northern Ttyami, northeastern Umairri, eastern Manamuki | |states = Rtuha, Uya, northern Ttyami, northeastern Umairri, eastern Manamuki | ||
|setting = Rttirria | |setting = Rttirria | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = 928,000 | ||
|date = 2015 | |||
|fam1 = Rttirrian | |fam1 = Rttirrian | ||
|fam2 = South Rttirrian | |fam2 = South Rttirrian | ||
|fam3 = [[Old Gaju]] | |fam3 = [[Old Gaju]] | ||
| | |scripts = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language. | '''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]] and [[Old Gaju]]'' | |||
Gaju is a member of the South Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian language family of [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]; the dialects of Proto-South-Rttirrian that would become Gaju split off from those that would become Rttirri around the 3rd to 5th century CE, probably in southeastern Rttirria. | Gaju is a member of the South Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian language family of [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]; the dialects of Proto-South-Rttirrian that would become Gaju split off from those that would become Rttirri around the 3rd to 5th century CE, probably in southeastern Rttirria. | ||
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| ''di'' | | ''di'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Pronouns are traditionally considered grammatically necessary, but, like in Japanese and other East and Southeast Asian languages, may be left out when obvious by context. | |||
:Syâm-í nam ge do-tang. | |||
:store-LOC PERF 3SG.ACC PST-find | |||
:(I) found him at the store. | |||
Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from ''fòkom'' ("there"). | Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from ''fòkom'' ("there"). | ||
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===Relative and independent clauses=== | ===Relative and independent clauses=== | ||
Relative particles are marked with the particle '' | Relative particles are marked with the particle ''ợtyu'', which can be declined for case. | ||
:Dáng demo ma ợtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pịpu? | :Dáng demo ma ợtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pịpu? | ||
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:3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want. | :3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want. | ||
:She said that she wanted to go home. | :She said that she wanted to go home. | ||
==Sample text== | |||
The [[w:Lord's Prayer|Lord's Prayer]] in Gaju, as translated by early Christian missionaries to Rttirria: | |||
::{| | |||
||'''English'''|| || '''Gaju''' | |||
|- | |||
||Our Father who art in heaven, || || <!--god-VOC FML 1PL.GEN heaven-LOC--> Fợtạkasă tya mạ tsạkunlí, | |||
|- | |||
||Hallowed be thy name. || || <!--name 2SG.GEN be holy--> Isho kọm tẹm amạ. | |||
|- | |||
||Thy kingdom come. || || <!--kingdom FML 2SG.GEN FUT-come--> Chalạ tya kọm nyicha. | |||
|- | |||
||Thy will be done || || <!--want-GER FML 2SG.GER FUT-happen--> Dẹngbum tya kọm nyichi | |||
|- | |||
||on earth as it is in heaven. || || <!--Earth-LOC as heaven-LOC--> Bomshulí mishu tsạkunlí. | |||
|- | |||
||Give us this day our daily bread, || || <!--1PL.DAT FML bread-ACC common IMP-give--> Matyá tya bomlame khămà | |||
|- | |||
||and forgive us our trespasses, || || <!--and error-ABL PL IMP-forgive--> pu kiwoma ma khăhnang | |||
|- | |||
||as we forgive those who trespass against us, || || <!--like 1PL.NOM person PL that 1PL-DAT err forgive--> mishu ma neng ợtyu matyá hmalu hnang | |||
|- | |||
||and lead us not into temptation, || || <!--and tempt-GER-DAT NEG IMP-lead--> pu wọkembumá nù khămihlang | |||
|- | |||
||but deliver us from evil. || || <!--but evil-ABL IMP-protect--> fa dắda khă hlo. | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||