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Cápa: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| image = FlagofCape.png | |||
| imagesize = 300px | |||
| imagecaption = Flag of [[Verse:Cape State|Cape State]], where Cápa is natively and primarily spoken. | |||
| name = Cápa | | name = Cápa | ||
| altname = | | altname = Kabo, isiKapa, Cape Creole | ||
| nativename = isiKápa | | nativename = isiKápa | ||
| pronunciation = isi.kʰɐ́pɐ | | pronunciation = isi.kʰɐ́pɐ | ||
| Line 9: | Line 12: | ||
| setting = [[Verse:Cape State|Cape State]], Alt-history Africa | | setting = [[Verse:Cape State|Cape State]], Alt-history Africa | ||
| ethnicity = Nguni, Caper | | ethnicity = Nguni, Caper | ||
| speakers = {{formatnum: | | speakers = {{formatnum:13637500}} | ||
| date = 2023 | | date = 2023 | ||
| familycolor = Creole | | familycolor = Creole | ||
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| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Cápa''', also known as ''' | '''Cápa''', also known as '''Kabo''', '''isiKapa''' and/or '''Cape Creole'''(''isiKápa''; <small>Cápa:</small> [[Help:IPA|[isi.kʰɐ́pɐ]]]), is an Afrikaans-Portuguese-English-Zulu-Xhosa [[w:Creole language|creole]] language spoken in the area between the [[w:Orange River|Orange River]] and the south African coast, commonly known as the '''Cape of Good Hope'''(''cabo da boa esperança'' in [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]). The morphology is a mixture of primarily Portuguese and Dutch(later Afrikaans), whereas the grammar is heavily influenced by Zulu and Xhosa and the East Bantu language family as a whole. | ||
The creole developed through the various colonisers of the South African region, and indeed, the language borrows elements from all the colonisers' languages(English, Dutch(Afrikaans), Portuguese) as well as native indigenous African languages in the area(Zulu, Xhosa). | The creole developed through the various colonisers of the South African region, and indeed, the language borrows elements from all the colonisers' languages(English, Dutch(Afrikaans), Portuguese) as well as native indigenous African languages in the area(Zulu, Xhosa). | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
====Aspiration==== | |||
Non-click consonants do not differentiate pronunciation on aspiration, unlike in Zulu and Xhosa, where ⟨kh⟩ and ⟨k⟩ can change the meaning of a word. In Cápa, different dialects aspirate different consonants in different positions within lemmas, but the meaning of the word does not change. For example, in Stellenbosch, just east of Cape Town, all plosives are aspirated, no matter their position in a lemma(e.g. [[Help:IPA|[pʰɛ́ʃʰ]]]). In Coffee Bay, consonants are only aspirated at the beginning of a lemma, e.g. in ''bantu''("person", [bʱɐntu]), where /b/ is aspirated but /t/ is not. Additionally, in ''bantu''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> accusative form, ''ibantu'', no plosive is aspirated. | |||
Click consonants ''do'' differ on aspiration, as is the case in Zulu and Xhosa. However, in the dialect of Sehlabathebe, Lesotho, aspirated and un-aspirated click consonants switch places. So, for example, in the word ''[[Contionary:shoxoláti|shoxoláti]]'', where in standard dialects the ⟨x⟩ is unaspirated, Sehlabethebe dialect speakers(''isiSehlabétebi bantu'' in Cápa) would aspirate, and indeed, in the Cápa translation of ''[[w:The Myth of Sisyphus|The Myth of Sisyphus]]'' by [[w:Albert Camus|Albert Camus]], ''[[Contionary:shoxoláti|shoxoláti]]'' is indeed appropriately spelt ''shoxholáti''. | |||
====Click consonants==== | ====Click consonants==== | ||
Cápa, like its contemporary East Bantu languages, uses click consonants, however it only uses about two-thirds as many click consonants as Xhosa, with 12 in total, compared to Xhosa's 18 click consonants and Zulu's 15. | Cápa, like its contemporary East Bantu languages, uses click consonants, however it only uses about two-thirds as many click consonants as Xhosa, with 12 in total, compared to Xhosa's 18 click consonants and Zulu's 15. | ||
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The general syllable structure of Cápa is (C)V(V)(C), and most words, like in Zulu, end in a vowel(with the exception of some Portuguese loanwords like ''[[Contionary:shíxher|shíxhe'''r''']]''). | The general syllable structure of Cápa is (C)V(V)(C), and most words, like in Zulu, end in a vowel(with the exception of some Portuguese loanwords like ''[[Contionary:shíxher|shíxhe'''r''']]''). | ||
If the dipthong ⟨ai⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨oi⟩ are succeeded by a vowel, then the /i/ is palatalised and becomes /j/.<br> | If the dipthong ⟨ai⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨oi⟩ are succeeded by a vowel, then the /i/ is palatalised and becomes /j/, which is sometimes pronounced [ʝ] in some dialects, namely in East London.<br> | ||
'''Examples:''' | '''Examples:''' | ||
* /ai/ + /u/ → /a'''j'''u/ | * /ai/ + /u/ → /a'''j'''u/ | ||
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** ''Ei-''(near future prefix) + ''Eswéla''(He drinks) → '''''Ei'''eswéla'' → ''E'''yè'''swéla''(I will drink) | ** ''Ei-''(near future prefix) + ''Eswéla''(He drinks) → '''''Ei'''eswéla'' → ''E'''yè'''swéla''(I will drink) | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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--> | --> | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
==== Pronouns ==== | ====Bagcô==== | ||
Pronouns in Cápa are prefixes to verbs, similar to grammatical structure in Zulu and Xhosa. | ''[[Contionary:bagcô|Bagcô]]'' is a word that is often used in everyday use of Cápa. It can mean many things, and it originally meant "stick", possibly from Portuguese ''bastão''. However, inexplicably, it is now often used to indicate focus in a sentence(like in [[w:Singlish|Singlish]]/[[w:Manglish|Manglish]] ''lah''), but it is also used to mean "so", "also", "as well as" or even "to be fair", "to be honest" or "in [my] defense". | ||
Although the word was originally considered slang, mainly by the upper classes in Cape Town, the word eventually seeped into their speech as well, and it is now an integral part of the language. | |||
====Pronouns==== | |||
Pronouns in Cápa are prefixes to verbs, similar to grammatical structure in Zulu and Xhosa. However, the pronouns themselves are mostly based on Portuguese personal pronouns. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan= | |+ Cápa personal pronouns | ||
!colspan=2| | |- | ||
!colspan=3 rowspan=2| Person | |||
!colspan=2|Personal | |||
!colspan=2|Post-diphthong | !colspan=2|Post-diphthong | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
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!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan= | !colspan=3| 1 | ||
| ''Iu-'' || ''Noz-'' || ''-yu-'' || ''-yoz-'' | | ''Iu-'' || ''Noz-'' || ''-yu-'' || ''-yoz-'' | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=3| 2 | |||
| ''Vu-'' || ''Tvu-'' || ''-fu-'' || ''-tfu-'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2 | 3 | |||
!colspan=2 | M | |||
| ''E-'' || ''Ele-'' || ''-è-'' || ''-èli-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2 | F | |||
| ''Sa-'' || ''Ilà-'' || ''-sà-'' || ''-là-'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
: ''Inja en kat'' | |||
: dog and cat | |||
Alternatively, the above sentence can be spelt ''inja enkat''. | |||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
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:''Hi, Ayufawa iisiPogcugéza.'' | :''Hi, Ayufawa iisiPogcugéza.'' | ||
:: ''No, I do not speak Portuguese.'' | :: ''No, I do not speak Portuguese.'' | ||
: ''Bagcô, vufawa iisiXhosa?'' | |||
:: ''So/Well then, do you speak Xhosa?'' | |||
: ''Ebo, Iufawa iisiXhosa. Bagcô isiZulu.'' | |||
:: ''Yes, I speak Xhosa. Zulu as well/also.'' | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||