User:Aquatiki/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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== Proto ==
== Proto ==
<pre>
{| class="bluetable"
  m   n       N
|+ Consonants of the Proto
  p b t d k g q ʔ
! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !!  Dorsal
  f   s z     x  
|-
  þ   ł ɮ     h
! Nasal
      r  ɻ
| m || n || || N
      j   w
|-
</pre>
! Stop
| p b || t d || k g || q ʔ
|-
! Sibilant
| f || s z || || x  
|-
! Fricative
| þ ||  ł ɮ || || h
|-
! Rhotic
| || r  ɻ || ||
|-
! Approximant
| || j ||  w
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Vowels of the Proto
! !! Front !! !! Back
|-
! High
| i ī || || u ū
|-
! Mid
| || ǝ ||
|-
! Low
| || a ā ||
|}


<pre>
no vowel hiatus
iī  uū
    ǝ
  a ā
</pre>
no hiatus


was SOV
was SOV
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* ? --> ø
* ? --> ø
<pre>
<pre>
   m  n  ŋ        ܡo    ܢo    ܥ  
   m  n  ŋ        ܡo    ܢo    ܥ             MNŊ
   p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ
   p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.  PBTDKGQ
   ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo    ܙo    ܚo
   ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo    ܙo    ܚo     (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
   θ̼  ɬ  t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo    ܨo    ܗo
   θ̼  ɬ  t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo    ܨo    ܗo     þ   Ł  Č  H
       r  l              ݍo    ܠo
       r  l              ݍo    ܠo             R  L
       j  w              ܝo      ܘo
       j  w              ܝo      ܘo             Y  W
</pre>
</pre>


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  ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄
  ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄
</pre>
</pre>
Diphthongs: ey, ai, ow, aw and all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ)
==== Diphthongs ====
First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ). 


Morae: CV = 1, CVV/CVC = 2.  Stress is on the third to last mora.
Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3.  Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short).  This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.


yes gemination
yes gemination
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|-
|-
! S
! S
| rowspan="3" | ??
| rowspan="3" | š(a)-
| ??
| ??
| ??
| ??
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|}
|}
Case: there are three -- '''suffixes'''
Case: there are three -- '''suffixes'''
# Nominative: (also doubles as vocative)
# Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
# Accusative
# Accusative: -(u)L
# Oblique: mainly genitive and dative
# Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o


Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders.  There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, and impersonal.
Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders.  There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C


Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed.  Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences.  The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.
Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed.  Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences.  The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.
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=== Syntax ===
=== Syntax ===
Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.
Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.
=== Derivation ===
_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian.  It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language. 
There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, ''to hate''.  The lexical form is BóLeM.  Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive
==== Direct ====
<!-- The direct aorist is basically o-e+suffix, call it the Poel //-->
<!-- The direct continuous is basically prefix+i-e //->
<!-- The direct subjunctive is basically o-infix-a //-->
{| class="bluetable"
|+ BóLeM
!
! colspan="3" | Aorist
! colspan="3" | Continuous
! colspan="3" | Subjunctive
|-
! !! sg !! pauc !! collect !! sg !! pauc !! collect
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''oÞ
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iQ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iM
|-
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''oS || '''B'''ó'''LM'''oŊe
|-
! 2
| '''B'''o'''L'''éY'''M''' || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''rĦ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iN
|-
! 3E
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''L'''e'''M'''
|-
! 3F
| '''B'''o'''LM'''ŕPoŠ
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''aŠe
|-
! 3P
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iŁ || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ŁeY || '''B'''o'''L'''Łé'''M'''uW
|-
! 3A
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''KoŊ || '''B'''o'''L'''ŕŊ'''M'''o || '''B'''o'''LM'''oŊ
|-
! 3B
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''ČeT || '''B'''o'''LM'''eTu || '''B'''o'''LM'''rÇ
|-
! 3S
| '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ZrŽ
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''rŽ
|-
! 3R
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''o'''L'''í'''M'''ÞiM
|}
==== Hearsay ====
<!-- The hearsay aorist is basically þ+i-u+suffix //-->
<!-- The hearsay continuous is basically prefix+þ+i-r //->
<!-- The hearsay subjunctive is basically þa+infix-u //-->
==== Inferential ====
<!-- The inferential aorist is basically :a-e-suffix //-->
<!-- The inferential continuous is basically prefixr:-e //->
<!-- The inferential subjunctive is basically :a-infix-r //-->
==== Imperative ====
<!-- The imperative aorist is basically aorist direct pared down//-->
<!-- The imperative continuous is basically continuous direct pared down//->
=== Nouns ===
Base noun form: aBLuM

Latest revision as of 14:49, 22 January 2024

Proto

Consonants of the Proto
Labial Dental Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n N
Stop p b t d k g q ʔ
Sibilant f s z x
Fricative þ ł ɮ h
Rhotic r ɻ
Approximant j w


Vowels of the Proto
Front Back
High i ī u ū
Mid ǝ
Low a ā

no vowel hiatus

was SOV

Now

Super-fusional=polysynthetic

  • z --> ʃ
  • ɮ --> č
  • ɻ --> ɚ
  • ? --> ø
  m   n   ŋ        ܡo    ܢo     ܥ              MNŊ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.   PBTDKGQ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo     ܙo     ܚo     (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
  θ̼   ɬ   t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo     ܨo    ܗo      þ   Ł  Č   H
      r   l               ݍo     ܠo              R  L
      j   w               ܝo      ܘo              Y  W

 i=j     u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
 e=h     o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
 ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄

Diphthongs

First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ).

Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3. Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short). This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.

yes gemination

Nouns

Genders: three big groups, with five in the last

  1. Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, O Righteousness, God of Love, Geometry in the Mind of God
  2. Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, True Man=Adam, table-ness, some angels
  3. Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
    1. People - man, woman, spiritual beings
    2. Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
    3. Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
    4. Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
    5. Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns

Numbers: there are three

  1. Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
  2. Paucal - a few, some, a couple
  3. Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural
Prefixes
Eternal Form Person Animal Beast Seed Rock
S š(a)- ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
P ? ? ? ? ?
C

Case: there are three -- suffixes

  1. Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
  2. Accusative: -(u)L
  3. Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o

Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders. There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C

Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed. Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences. The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.

Verbs

_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are marked for

  1. (if transitive) object person slot
  2. (optional) applicative slot
    1. passive
    2. mediopassive
    3. benefactive
    4. instrumental
    5. locative
    6. comitative
  3. (optional) noun-incorporation slot
  4. lexical verb, which inflects for
    1. subject person
      • there 12 of these!
    2. aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
      1. continuous
      2. aorist (perfective)
      3. future (irrealis)
    3. evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
      1. direct
      2. hearsay
      3. inferential
      4. imperative/cohortative/optative
  5. (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)". These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations 
    1.          : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis
    2. Not one  : present.   past.       subjunctive.
    3. ye old be: pres. cont past cont.  conditional
    4. ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.
    5. old have : perfect.   plurperf.   fut. perf.
  6. (optional) indirect object person slot
  7. (optional) negation slot

Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)

Syntax

Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.

Derivation

_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian. It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language.

There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, to hate. The lexical form is BóLeM. Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive

Direct

BóLeM
Aorist Continuous Subjunctive
sg pauc collect sg pauc collect
1 BóLMoÞ BóLMiQ BóLMiM
BóLMoS BóLMoŊe
2 BoLéYM BoLéMrĦ BóLMiN
3E BóLeM
3F BoLMŕPoŠ BóLMaŠe
3P BóLMiŁ BoLéMŁeY BoLŁéMuW
3A BoLeMKoŊ BoLŕŊMo BoLMoŊ
3B BoLeMČeT BoLMeTu BoLMrÇ
3S BoLéMZrŽ BóLMrŽ
3R BoLíMÞiM

Hearsay

Inferential

Imperative

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