Norþimris: Difference between revisions

|pronunciation = [nɔɹˈθɪmɾɪs]

|region = Great Britain

|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]

|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]

|fam4=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]

|fam5=[[English languages|Anglic]]

|ancestor=[[Old English]]

|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]

Modern Norþimris is said to begin ''c.''1600 when the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance encouraged efforts to standardise and describe the language, and simultaneously increased borrowing from Classical and Romance sources. During this period Norþimris became the language of religion alongside government and literature, and from the late 18th century it increasingly became a 'popular' language with written forms more representative of the spoken language. The spelling system of Þoruuff Þorsteynsun, published in 1877, was adopted as the official written form in 1884 and has remained in use ever since.  

* Southern, which is the closest to a 'standard' dialect, found in ''Yorucscir''

* Northern, extending north from ''Weer Ei'' (River Wear) to the Scottish border

* Western, the dialect west of the moors  

* South-western, the dialect of the ''Þreiplands'', sometimes called ''Þreiplandris''

| ɹ

| uː

| oː

| ''uu''

* there is an informal use of ''us/uus'' in place of ''mi/mie'' (e.g. ''gie us hit'' 'give me it').

All regular verbs follow the same pattern in the present tense, given below with ''leof'' 'love':

| ''leof''

| rowspan="3" | ''leof''

| rowspan="2" | ''leofs''

In the past tense, regular verbs may be divided into strong and weak conjugations, the former conjugating by a vowel change, the latter by the addition of a suffix. There are no distinctions of person in the past tense.  

| ''beed''

| ''beir''

| ''eit''

| ''feor''

| ''mau''

| ''miw''

| ''maun''

* stems ending in ''-d'' or ''-t'' take ''-it'' (e.g. ''liltit'' 'hummed', ''bratit'' 'curdled'', ''breidit'' 'stretched');

A number of verbs in <''ee''> may undergo shortening in the past (e.g. ''bleed'' → ''bledd'', ''meet'' → ''mett'', ''sleep'' → ''slept/sleept''). A number of other verbs have a past tense ending in ''-ht'' (e.g. ''seec'' → ''souht'', ''wurc'' → ''wrouht'', ''lach'' 'catch' → ''lauht'').  

The imperative of regular verbs is identical to the stem (e.g. ''leof mi'' 'love me', ''eit ðiy meit'' 'eat your food').  

The '''present participle''' of all verbs is formed with ''-and'' (e.g. ''leofand'' 'loving', ''singand'' 'singing').  

The '''past participle''' of most weak verbs is identical to the past tense form (e.g. ''leofd'' 'loved', ''ligd'' 'layed'). The strong verbs form a past participle with ''-(e)n'' and a change of vowel, as shown in the table above but a number of weak verbs ending in ''-d, -t'' also form their past participle in ''-en'' (e.g. ''breiden'' 'stretched', ''leaden'' 'loaded').

A number of irregular verbs occur in Norþimris, the most important of which is ''bie'' 'be':

| ''bieand''

| ''bien''

| colspan="2" | ''bie''

| ''deo''

| ''deond''

| ''deon''

| ''gie''

| ''giend''

| ''gien''

| present of ''bie'' + present participle

| past of ''bie'' + present participle

| present of ''bie'' + past participle

| past of ''bie'' + past participle

In the perfect and pluperfect, ''bie'' is used with unaccusative verbs, i.e. verbs in which the subject is not the agent but the patient of the verb (e.g.'' 't snea 's mouten'' 'the snow has melted').

| ''augeod'' 'omnibenevolent'

| ''eanreid'' 'unanimous, resolute'

| ''eir-''

| ''eirdey'' 'ancient times'

| ''feor-''

| ''feorgang'' 'precede'

| ''heid-''

| ''heidcirc'' 'cathedral'

| ''heih-''

| ''heihstreet'' 'highstreet, main road'

| ''leis-''

| ''leisneam'' 'pseudonym'

| ''misdeo'' 'do wrongly'

| ''uncuuþ'' 'unknown'

| ''þreeffaud'' 'threefold', ''menieffaud'' 'numerous'

| ''-ffuu''

| ''sacffuu'' 'quarrelsome', ''earffuu'' 'compassionate'

| ''Skotis'' 'Scottish', ''foucis'' 'popular'

| ''neamleṡ'' 'nameless', ''freendleṡ'' 'friendless'

| ''angṡum'' 'irritating', ''leofṡum'' 'lovable'

| ''reehtwiyṡ'' 'just', ''needwiyṡ'' 'necessary'

| ''-en''

| ''leofer'' 'lover' <br> ''scewer'' 'mirror' <br> ''Yorucer'' 'inhabitant of York'

| ''-ffuu''

| ''handfuu'' 'handful'

| diminutive (often pejorative), also man'

| ''freeman'', ''pleohman'' 'ploughman'

| ''geodneṡ'' 'goodness', ''micelneṡ'' 'largeness, abundance'

| ''-scip''

| ''manscip'' 'humanity'

| ''paduc'' 'toad'

| ''huuṡwiyff'' 'housewife'

* ''i leof ði'' 'I love you'

* ''Maria leirs Frencis'' 'Maria teaches French'

* ''hi gaf Askil 't beoc'' 'he gave Askil the book'

* ''yestren, gangd i til 't seekhuuṡ'' 'yesterday, I went to the hospital'

* ''i gangd til 't seekhuuṡ yestren'' 'I went to the hospital yesterday'

* ''scu leyct wel 't geamen / scu leyct 't geamen wel'' 'she played the game well'

* ''tomorn, sal i gang til 't skeol'' 'tomorrow I will go to school'

*'' 't wiyff at i leof'' 'the woman who I love'

| '''Þt Dreet Beid''' <br> Uur Faðer at is in hefen <br> Halud siy ðiy neam <br> Ðiy cinric becum <br> Ðiy wil wurð deon <br> On erd auṡ in hefen <br> Gie uss uur deylie leaff todey <br> An fergie uss uur scilds <br> Auṡ wie fergie uur scildiers <br> Leid not uss til costing <br> Auh free uss frea il <br> Þiyn is 't cinric an 't meyn an 't wuuder, for-ea <br> Amen

| Our father who is in heaven <br> Hallowed be thy name <br> Thy kingdom come <br> Thy will be done <br> On earth as it is in heaven <br> Give us this day our daily bread <br> And forgive us our sins <br> As we forgive those who sin against us <br> Lead us not into temptation <br> But deliver us from evil <br> Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, forever <br> Amen

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