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User:Juhhmi/Irbel: Difference between revisions
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Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' [äɪ̯], ''ey'' [ei̯], ''av'' [ɑʊ̯] and ''ev'' [øy̯] which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda). | Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' [äɪ̯], ''ey'' [ei̯], ''av'' [ɑʊ̯] and ''ev'' [øy̯] which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda). | ||
*Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel [j:] and ''v'' is [w~ɥ] so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v'': ''aya'' [ɑj:ä] (child) vs. ''ayha'' [ | *Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel [j:] and ''v'' is [w~ɥ] so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v'': ''aya'' [ɑj:ä] (child) vs. ''ayha'' [äɪ̯hɑ] (to boil). | ||
*Grapheme ''w'' as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially ''w''C or ''wh''V is [ou̯] and word-medially [uʉ̯]. | *Grapheme ''w'' as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially ''w''C or ''wh''V is [ou̯] and word-medially [uʉ̯]. | ||
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*If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' [ketetʲ] (thousand) vs. ''caétaéht'' or ''caétaéto'' [ketetʰ] (fever). | *If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' [ketetʲ] (thousand) vs. ''caétaéht'' or ''caétaéto'' [ketetʰ] (fever). | ||
=== | ===Consonant graphemes=== | ||
Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position with all . | Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position with all . | ||
| Line 239: | Line 239: | ||
|c | |c | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|ç | |ç<sup>1.</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|x | |x | ||
|x | |x | ||
|* | |* | ||
|* | |*/x<sup>2.</sup> | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|* | |* | ||
| Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
|w | |w | ||
|* | |* | ||
|* | |*<sup>3.</sup> | ||
|ɥ | |ɥ | ||
|* | |* | ||
|* | |*<sup>3.</sup> | ||
|} | |} | ||
# After back vowels, palatalized ''c'' is not fully spirantized [ç], but weakly aspirated [cʰ]. Ligatures ''f'' and ''k'' are [ç] after ''a'' and ''u'' respectively. See [[User:Juhhmi/Irbel#Digraphs|Digraphs]] | |||
# Grapheme ''x'' [x] comes word-finally only after front vowels but it is treated as plain. | |||
# Grapheme ''v'' is only used in codas after ''a'' and ''e'' to indicate the diphthongs [ɑʊ̯] and [øy̯]. | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 284: | Line 284: | ||
!Phoneme | !Phoneme | ||
!Notes | !Notes | ||
!Origin | |||
|- | |- | ||
|q | |q | ||
|kɘ | |kɘ | ||
| | | | ||
|''ce'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|d | |d | ||
|kɪ | |kɪ | ||
| | | | ||
|''cı'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|f | |f | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|After a | |After a | ||
|''ec'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|k | |k | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|After u | |After u | ||
|''ıc'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|m | |m | ||
|n: | |n:/ɲ: | ||
|Between vowels | |Between vowels | ||
|''nn'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|w | |w | ||
|w: | |w:/ɥ: | ||
|Between back | |Between back/front vowels | ||
|''uu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|y | |y/ÿ | ||
|j: | |j: | ||
|Between vowels | |Between vowels | ||
|''íj'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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*Word-initial ''w'' before a back vowel is realized as [əw-] and before front vowels as [əɥ-]. Word-initial ''y'' is similarly [əj-] and ''m'' is [ən-]. In coda, ''y'' is used only after ''a'' and ''e'' for diphthongs [äɪ̯] and [ei̯] respectively | *Word-initial ''w'' before a back vowel is realized as [əw-] and before front vowels as [əɥ-]. Word-initial ''y'' is similarly [əj-] and ''m'' is [ən-]. In coda, ''y'' is used only after ''a'' and ''e'' for diphthongs [äɪ̯] and [ei̯] respectively | ||
=== | ===Vowel graphemes=== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*Glottal fricative [h] separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted if more than two vowels would line: ''cíu'' [cihu] (flow) vs. ''cíhuıt'' [cihutʲ] (imagine) | *Glottal fricative [h] always separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted as grapheme ''h'' if more than two vowels would line: ''cíu'' [cihu] (flow) vs. ''cíhuıt'' [cihutʲ] (imagine) | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 351: | Line 359: | ||
!Phoneme | !Phoneme | ||
!Notes | !Notes | ||
!Origin | |||
|- | |- | ||
|w | |w | ||
|ou̯ | |ou̯/uʉ̯ | ||
|word-initially | |word-initially/-medially | ||
|''uu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|y | |y | ||
|ɨ: | |ɨ: | ||
| | | | ||
|''íj'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|æ | |æ | ||
|ɑ+ʲ | |ɑ+ʲ | ||
| | | | ||
|''ae'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|G | |G | ||
|ʲä | |ʲä | ||
|rare | |rare | ||
|''ea'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ú | |ú | ||
|u+ʲ | |u+ʲ | ||
| | | | ||
|''uı'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ɯ | |ɯ | ||
|ʲʉ | |ʲʉ | ||
|rare | |rare | ||
|''ıu'' | |||
|} | |} | ||