User:Tardigrade: Difference between revisions

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|pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ
|pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ
|creator = Tardigrade
|creator = Tardigrade
|setting = Iberia
|states = Spain, Portugal
|states = Spain, Portugal
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
Line 202: Line 201:
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]]
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]]
|fam4= [[Brythonic]]
|fam4= [[Brythonic]]
|ancestor= [[Common Brythonic]]
|ancestor= [[w:Common Brythonic|Common Brythonic]]
|script1 = Latn
|script1 = Latn
}}
}}
Line 208: Line 207:
Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.


==Sound Changes==
==Phonology and Orthography==
===Consonant Mutations===
===Everish Consonants===
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''međol''), '''spirant''' (''cravol'') and '''nasal''' (''truinol'').  There is a fourth type of mutation called '''aspiration''' (''huizol'') in which word-initial vowels take an ''h'-'' before them.
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced_bilabial_nasal|m]] ⟨m⟩
| rowspan=3 style=border-right:0; |
| style=border-left:0; |
| [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩
| [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩
| [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] ⟨ng, ngu⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| [[w:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] ⟨p⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_plosive|t]] ⟨t⟩
| rowspan=2 |
| [[w:t͡ʃ|t͡ʃ]] ⟨ch⟩
| [[w:/k/|k]] ⟨c, qu⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]]~[[w:ʒ|ʒ]] ⟨g, j⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| [[w:Voiced_labial_fricative|v]] ⟨v⟩
| [[w:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant|z]] ⟨z⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
|
| [[w:Voiceless_labial_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] ⟨ç⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩
| [[w:ʃ|ʃ]] ⟨x⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]] ⟨h⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] !! <small>[[w:Central consonant|central]]</small>
| rowspan=4 colspan=3 style=border-right:0; |
| style=border-left:0; |
| [[w:/j/|j]] ⟨y⟩
| [[w:/w/|w]] ⟨u⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
| [[w:/l/|l]] ⟨l⟩
| [[w:/ʎ/|ʎ]] ⟨ll⟩
| rowspan=3 style=border-left:0; |
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Trill|Trill]]
| [[w:/r/|r]] ⟨rr⟩
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Tap|Tap]]
| [[w:/ɾ/|ɾ]] ⟨r⟩
|-
|}
 
===Vowels & Diphthongs===
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
# the diphthongs
 
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 60px; " |Front
! style="width: 60px; " |Central
! style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| iː &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ʉ(ː)
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; u(ː)
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| ɪ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ʊ
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| eː &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; oː
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| ə
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| ʌ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔ(ː)
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a(ː) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
|
|}
 
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 70px; " |+ i̯
! style="width: 70px; " |+ u̯
|-
! style="" |Near-close
|
| ɪu̯
|-
! style="" |Mid
| əi̯
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛi̯ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔi̯
| ɛu̯ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔu̯
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| au̯
|}
 
===Sound Changes===
====Consonant Mutations====
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]'').


The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |Radical
! style="width: 90px; " |Radical
! style="width: 90px; " |Lenition
! style="width: 90px; " |Nasal
! style="width: 90px; " |Spirantisation
! style="width: 90px; " |Lenis
! style="width: 90px; " |Nasalisation
! style="width: 90px; " |Spirant
|-
|-
| ''p'' /p/
| ''p'' /p/
| ''b'' /b/
| colspan=2 | ''b'' /b/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''b'' /b/
|
|-
|-
| ''t'' /t/
| ''t'' /t/
| ''d'' /d/
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/
| ''z'' /θ/
| ''ç'' /θ/
| ''d'' /d/
|
|-
|-
| ''c'' /k/
| ''c'' /k/
| ''g'' /g/
| colspan=2 | ''g'' /g/
| ''h'' /x/
| ''h'' /x/
| ''g'' /g/
|
|-
|-
| ''c'' /t͡ʃ/
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| ''g'' /d͡ʒ/
| colspan=2 | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''h'' /ʃ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
|
|-
|-
| ''b'' /b/
| ''b'' /b/
| ''v'' /v/
|
| ''m'' /m/
| ''m'' /m/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
|-
|-
| ''d'' /d/
| ''d'' /d/
| ''đ'' /ð/
|
| ''n'' /n/
| ''n'' /n/
| colspan=2 | ∅
|-
|-
| ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''g'' /ɡ/
|
|
| ''ng'' /ŋ/
| ''ng'' /ŋ/
| colspan=2 | ∅
|-
| ''gu'' /ɡw/
| ''ng'' /ŋw/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
|-
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 | ''y'' /j/
|-
|-
| ''g'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''y'' /j/
| ''y'' /j/
|
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 |
|-
|-
| ''y'' /j/
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
|
| ''l'' /l/
|  
|  
|-
| ''m'' /m/
|
|
| ''v'' /ṽ/
|
|-
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
|
| ''n'' /n/
|
|-
|-
| ''m'' /m/
| ''rr'' /r/
| ''v'' /v/
|
| ''r'' /ɾ/
|  
|  
|
|}
|}


Lenited ''g'' disappears before a consonant, becomes ''w'' before words in ''go-, gu-, goo-'' and becomes ''h-'' before other vowels, e.g. ''gre'' "flock" → ''i re'' "his flock", ''gur'' "man, husband" → ''i wur'' "his husband", ''geryadour'' "dictionary" → ''i heryadour'' "his dictionary".
Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".


Examples:
Examples:
* Lenition: ''i benn'' "his head", ''de dat'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''er vanon'' "the lady", ''du Dhin Edin'' "to Edinburgh", ''war hat'' "on a road", ''i wrek'' "his wife", ''a vamm!'' "mum!".  
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona".  
* Spirantisation: ''i fenn'' "her head", ''tri that'' "three dads", ''teyr chath'' "three cats".
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Nasalisation: ''naw manon'' "nine ladies", ''in Nin Edin'' "in Edinburgh", ''mu ngat'' "my road"
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona", ''mi garrer'' "my road"
* Aspiration: ''i h'ewidir'' "her uncle", ''an h'oungorn'' "our unicorn".
 
===List===
{|class="wikitable"
|i=No| №
!c=en| [[w:English|English]]
!c=cel-pro| [[w:Proto-Celtic|Proto-Celtic]]
!c=cel-bry-pro| [[w:Proto-Brythonic|Common Brittonic]]
!c=br| [[w:Breton|Breton]]
!c=kw| [[w:Cornish|Cornish]]
!c=cy| [[w:Welsh|Welsh]]
!c=sga| [[w:Old Irish|Old Irish]]
!c=ev| [[Everish]]
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| [[I]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mī}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mi}}
|c=br| {{l|br|me}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|my}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mi}}, {{l|cy|fi}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|mé}}
|c=ev| {{term#mi|mi}}
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| [[you]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tū}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ti}}
|c=br| {{l|br|te}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ty}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ti}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tú}}
|c=ev| {{term#ti|ti}}
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| [[he]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*es}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*eβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|eñ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ev}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ef}}, {{l|cy|fe}}, {{l|cy|fo}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}}
|c=ev| {{term#ey|ey}}
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| [[we]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*snīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ni}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ni}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ny}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ni}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sní}}
|c=ev| {{term#ni|ni}}
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| [[you]] {{small|(plural)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*swīs}}, {{l|cel-pro|*swīsswīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*hwi}}
|c=br| {{l|br|c'hwi}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|hwi}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|chi}}, {{l|cy|chwi}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sib}}, {{l|sga|síi}}
|c=ev| {{term#huy|huy}}
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| [[they]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*yoi}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|i}}, {{l|br|int}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|i}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwy}}, {{l|cy|hwynt}}, {{l|cy|nhw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}}
|c=ev| {{term#i|i}}
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| [[this]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*se-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sindos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*so-sin}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|an}} ... {{l|br|mañ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|an}} ... {{l|kw|ma}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwn}}, {{l|cy|y}} ... {{l|cy|yma}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|so}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|seo}}, {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|so}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|seo}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shoh}}
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| [[that]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*emo-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sindo-de}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|an}} ... {{l|br|se}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|an}} ... {{l|kw|na}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwnnw}}, {{l|cy|y}} ... {{l|cy|yna}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|sin}}, {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|tall}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|sin}}, {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|siúd}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|sin}}, {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|siud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shen}}, {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shid}}
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| [[here]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sondo}}, {{l|cel-pro|*uman}}?
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|amañ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|omma}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|yma}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sund}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|anseo}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an-seo}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayns shoh}}, {{l|gv|aynshoh}}
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| [[there]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*anda}}?, {{l|cel-pro|*kē}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|aze}}, {{l|br|eno}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ena}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|yna}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tall}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ansin}}, {{l|ga|ansiúd}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an sin}}, {{l|gd|an siud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayns shen}}, {{l|gv|ayns shid}}
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| [[who]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷēs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*puɨ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|piv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|piw}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pwy}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cía}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cé}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cò}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|quoi}}
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| [[what]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷid}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|petra}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pyth}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|beth}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cid}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cad é}}, {{l|ga|céard}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ciod}}, {{l|gd|dè}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|c'red}}, {{l|gv|cre}}
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| [[where]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷuts}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pelec'h}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ple}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ble}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cairm}}, {{l|sga|cía airm}}, {{l|sga|cía dú}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cá}}, {{l|ga|cá háit}}, {{l|ga|cén áit}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|càite}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|c'raad}}
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| [[when]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷan(o)}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pedavare}}, {{l|br|pegoulz}}, {{l|br|peur}}, {{l|br|pevare}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|p'eur}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pryd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cuin}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cá huair}}, {{l|ga|cathain}}, {{l|ga|cén uair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cuin}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cre'n traa}}, {{l|cy|cuin}}
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| [[how]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pegiz}}, {{l|br|penaos}}, {{l|br|pevod}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|fatel}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|sut}}, {{l|cy|pa fodd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cía chruth}}, {{l|sga|cía indas}}, {{l|sga|cindas}}, {{l|sga|co}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cad é mar}}, {{l|ga|cén chaoi}}, {{l|ga|conas}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ciamar}}, {{l|gd|cionnas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cre'n aght}}, {{l|gv|kanys}}, {{l|gv|kys}}
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| [[not]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ne}}, {{l|cel-pro|*nīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ni}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ne}} ... {{l|br|ket}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ny}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ddim}}, {{l|cy|nid}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ní}}, {{l|sga|nícon}}
|c=ev| {{term#ne|ne}}
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| [[all]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*olyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|holl}}, {{l|br|tout}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|oll}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|holl}}, {{l|cy|i gyd}}, {{l|cy|oll}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|uile}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|uile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|uile}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ooilley}}
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| [[many]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸilu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kalz}}, {{l|br|lies a}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lies}}, {{l|kw|lower}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llawer}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|il}}, {{l|sga|imdae}}, {{l|sga|mór}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|a lán}}, {{l|ga|mórán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|mòran}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mooarane}}, {{l|gv|ram}}
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| [[some]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*nekʷos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bennak}}, {{l|br|meur a}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|nebes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhai}}, {{l|cy|rhyw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|nach}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|éigin}}, {{l|ga|roinnt}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|eigin}}, {{l|gd|roinn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ennagh}}, {{l|gv|kuse}}, {{l|gv|shiartanse}}
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| [[few]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bikkano}}, {{l|cel-pro|*nekʷos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|nebeut}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|nebes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ychydig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bec}}, {{l|sga|terc}}, {{l|sga|úathad}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|beagán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beagan}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beggan}}
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| [[other]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*alyos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*aralyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|all}}, {{l|br|arall}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|aral}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|arall}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|aile}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|eile}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|elley}}
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| [[one]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*oinos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*oynānos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ʉn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|unan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|onan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|un}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|óen}}
|c=ev| {{term#un|un}}
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| [[two]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dwau}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dọw}}
|c=br| {{l|br|daou}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dew}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|dá}}
|c=ev| {{term#do|do}}
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| [[three]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*trīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*tri}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tri}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tri}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tair}}, {{l|cy|tri}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trí}}
|c=ev| {{term#tri|tri}}
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| [[four]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷetwores}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*pedwar}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pevar}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|peswar}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pedwar}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cethair}}
|c=ev| {{term#peser|peser}}
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| [[five]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷenkʷe}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*pɨmp}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pemp}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pymp}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pump}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cóic}}
|c=ev| {{term#pim|pim}}
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| [[big]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*brassos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*māros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mọr}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bras}}, {{l|br|meur}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bras}}, {{l|br|meur}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mawr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|oll}}, {{l|sga|mór}}
|c=ev| {{term#bras|bras}}
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| [[long]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sīros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*hir}}
|c=br| {{l|br|hir}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|hir}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hir}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fota}}, {{l|sga|sír}}
|c=ev| {{term#ir|ir}}
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| [[wide]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸlitanos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llɨdan}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ledan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ledan}}, {{l|kw|efan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llydan}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lethan}}
|c=ev| {{term#lledan|lledan}}
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| [[thick]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*remros}}, {{l|cel-pro|*tegus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*teɣ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tev}}, {{l|br|fetis}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tew}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tew}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|remor}}, {{l|sga|tiug}}
|c=ev| {{term#treu|teu}}
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| [[heavy]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*trummos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*trum}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pounner}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|poos}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|trwm}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trom}}
|c=ev| {{term#trum|trum}}
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| [[small]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bikkos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bɨx}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bihan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bian}}, {{l|kw|byghan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bach}}, {{l|cy|bychan}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bec}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|beag}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beg}}
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| [[short]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*birros}}, {{l|cel-pro|*gerros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bɨrr}}
|c=br| {{l|br|berr}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|berr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|byr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cummair}}, {{l|sga|berr}}, {{l|sga|gerr}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|gearr}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|geàrr}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|giare}}
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| [[narrow]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*angus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*kʉl}}
|c=br| {{l|br|enk}}, {{l|br|strizh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kul}}, {{l|kw|ynn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cul}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cáel}}, {{l|sga|cumung}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cúng}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cumhang}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|coon}}
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| [[thin]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tanauyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|moan}}, {{l|br|tanav}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|moon}}, {{l|kw|tanow}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tenau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|séim}}, {{l|sga|tanae}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|tanaí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|tana}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|thanney}}
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| [[woman]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*benā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ben}}, {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwrėg}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwreg}}, {{l|br|maouez}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|benyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|benw}}, {{l|cy|benyw}}, {{l|cy|dynes}}, {{l|cy|gwraig}}, {{l|cy|merch}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ben}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bean}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bean}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ben}}
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| [[man]] {{small|(adult male)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wiros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwur}}
|c=br| {{l|cy|gour}}, {{l|br|gwaz}}, {{l|cy|den}}
|c=kw| {{l|cy|gour}}, {{l|kw|gwas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}}
|c=ev| {{term#guas|guas}}
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| [[man]] {{small|(human being)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gdonyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dün}}
|c=br| {{l|br|den}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|den}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|duine}}
|c=ev| {{term#din|din}}
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| [[child]] {{small|(youth)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mustākos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bugel}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|flogh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|plant}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lenab}}, {{l|sga|noídiu}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|leanbh}}, {{l|ga|páiste}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|leanabh}}, {{l|gd|pàiste}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|lhiannoo}}, {{l|cy|paitçhey}}
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| [[wife]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwrėg}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwreg}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwreg}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwraig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ben}}, {{l|sga|séitig}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bean}}, {{l|ga|bean chéile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bean}}, {{l|gd|bean-chèile}}, {{l|gd|bean-phòsta}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ben}}, {{l|gv|ben heshey}}, {{l|gv|ben phoost}}
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| [[husband]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wiros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwur}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwaz}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gour}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gŵr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|céile}}, {{l|sga|fer}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|fear céile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fear-pòsta}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|dooinney}}, {{l|gv|dooinney poost}}, {{l|gv|sheshey}}, {{l|gv|sheshey poost}}
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| [[mother]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mātīr}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mamm}}
|c=br| {{l|br|mamm}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|mamm}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mam}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|máthair}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|máthair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|màthair}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|moir}}
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| [[father]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatīr}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*tad}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tad}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|athair}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|athair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|athair}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayr}}
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| [[animal]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mīlom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mil}}
|c=br| {{l|br|aneval}}, {{l|br|loen}}, {{l|br|mil}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|eneval}}, {{l|kw|mil}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|anifail}}, {{l|cy|mil}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|anmandae}}, {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|robb}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ainmhí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ainmhidh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|baagh}}, {{l|gv|baaghtagh}}, {{l|gv|bioagh}}, {{l|gv|cretoor}}
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| [[fish]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸēskos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*uɨsk}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pesk}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pysk}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pysgodyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|íasc}}
|c=ev| {{term#peixed|peixed}}
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| [[bird]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatar}}, {{l|cel-pro|*ɸetnos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*edn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|evn}}, {{l|br|labous}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|edhen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|aderyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|én}}
|c=ev| {{term#eden|eden}}
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| [[dog]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kū}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ki}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ki}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ki}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ci}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cú}}, {{l|sga|matad}}
|c=ev| {{term#chi|chi}}
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| [[louse]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*luwā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|laou}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|low}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|míl étgudo}}
|c=ev| {{term#llo|llo}}
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| [[snake]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*natrixs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|naer}}, {{l|br|sarpant}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|sarf}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|neidr}}, {{l|cy|sarff}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|nathair}}
|c=ev| {{term#nader|nader}}
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| [[worm]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷrimis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*prɨβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|buzhug}}, {{l|cy|preñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pryv}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|abwydyn}}, {{l|cy|mwydyn}}, {{l|cy|pryf}}, {{l|cy|pryf genwair}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cruim}}
|c=ev| {{term#prĩu|prĩu}}
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| [[tree]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷresnom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*prenn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwez}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwedh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coed}}, {{l|cy|colfen}}, {{l|cy|pren}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|crann}}, {{l|sga|fid}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bile}}, {{l|ga|crann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|crann}}, {{l|gd|craobh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|billey}}
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| [[forest]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kaito-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*koɨd}}
|c=br| {{l|br|koad}}, {{l|br|koed}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|koos}}, {{l|kw|koswik}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coedwig}}, {{l|cy|fforest}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|caill}}, {{l|sga|fid}}, {{l|sga|fidbad}}, {{l|sga|ros}}, {{l|sga|ruud}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|coill}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|coille}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|keyll}}
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| [[stick]] {{small|(of wood)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lorgā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bazh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lorgh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ffon}}, {{l|cy|llory}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|flesc}}, {{l|sga|maide}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bata}}, {{l|ga|maide}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bata}}, {{l|gd|bioran}}, {{l|gd|maide}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|maidjey}}
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| [[fruit]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sutu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|frouezh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|frooth}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ffrwyth}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|mess}}, {{l|sga|torad}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|toradh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|meas}}, {{l|gd|toradh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mess}}, {{l|gv|troar}}
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| [[seed]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*segeto-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sīlom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|had}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|has}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|had}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|síl}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|síol}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sìol}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|rass}}, {{l|gv|sheel}}
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| [[leaf]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dolnyā}}, {{l|cel-pro|*dolyā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|del}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|delen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dail}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|duilne}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|duille}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|duilleag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|duillag}}
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| [[root]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wridā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|gwrizienn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwreydh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwraidd}}, {{l|cy|gwreiddyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|frém}}, {{l|sga|mecon}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|fréamh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|freumh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fraue}}
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| [[bark]] {{small|(of tree)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ruskos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*rrisk}}
|c=br| {{l|br|rusk}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|rusk}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhisgl}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|coirt}}, {{l|sga|croiccenn}}, {{l|sga|crottball}}, {{l|sga|rúsc}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|coirt}}, {{l|ga|rúsc}}}, {{l|ga|snamh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|rùsg}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|roost}}
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| [[flower]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*blātus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*blọd}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bleuñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bleujen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|blodyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bláth}}, {{l|sga|scoth}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bláth}}, {{l|ga|scoth}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|blàth}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|blaa}}
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| [[grass]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gʷeltā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwellt}}
|c=br| {{l|br|geot}}, {{l|br|gwelt}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwels}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwellt}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fér}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|féar}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|feur}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|faiyr}}
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| [[rope]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lomanā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kordenn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lovan}}, {{l|kw|korden}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhaff}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|loman}}, {{l|sga|súainem}}, {{l|sga|tét}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|téad}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ròpa}}, {{l|gd|teud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|tead}}
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| [[skin]] {{small|(of a person)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*krokkenom}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kroknom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*krʉn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kroc'hen}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kroghen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|croen}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cnes}}, {{l|sga|croiccenn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cneas}}, {{l|ga|craiceann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cneas}},{{l|gd|craiceann}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|crackan}}
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| [[meat]] {{small|(as in flesh)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kīkos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*mīros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kig}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kig}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cúa}}, {{l|sga|féoil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|feoil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|feòil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|feill}}
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| [[blood]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*krowos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*krow}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|goos}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwaed}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|crú}}, {{l|sga|fuil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cró}}, {{l|ga|fuil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fuil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fuill}}
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| [[bone]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*astkornu}}, {{l|cel-pro|*knāmis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|askorn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|askorn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|asgwrn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cnáim}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cnámh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cnàimh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|craue}}
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| [[fat]] {{small|(noun)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gʷered-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|druz}}, {{l|br|lart}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|blonek}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|saim}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|béoil}}, {{l|sga|blonac}}, {{l|sga|geir}}, {{l|sga|íth}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|blonag}}, {{l|ga|saill}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|saill}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|blennick}}, {{l|gv|sahll}}
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| [[egg]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*āuyom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|vi}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|oy}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|wy}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|og}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ubh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ugh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ooh}}
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| [[horn]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kornu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|korn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|korn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|corn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|adarc}}, {{l|sga|benn}}, {{l|sga|corn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|adharc}}, {{l|ga|corn}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adharc}}, {{l|gd|corn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|corn}}, {{l|gv|eairk}}
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| [[tail]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lostā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|lost}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lost}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cynffon}}, {{l|cy|llost}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|erball}}, {{l|sga|err}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eireaball}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|earball}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|arbyl}}, {{l|gv|famman}}
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| [[feather]]{{small|(rather not down)}}
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pluñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pluv}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|plu}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cleitte}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cleite}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ite}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|clooie}}, {{l|gv|fedjag}}
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| [[hair]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*woltos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwollt}}
|c=br| {{l|br|blev}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|blew}}, {{l|kw|gols}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|blew}}, {{l|cy|gwallt}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|finna}} {{l|sga|folt}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|folt}}, {{l|ga|gruaig}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|falt}}, {{l|gd|gruag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|folt}}, {{l|gv|gruag}}
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| [[head]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷennom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*penn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|penn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|penn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pen}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cenn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ceann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ceann}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|kione}}
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| [[ear]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ausos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kloustā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*klʉst}}
|c=br| {{l|br|skouarn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|skovarn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|clust}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|áu}}, {{l|sga|clúas}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cluas}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cluas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cleaysh}}
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| [[eye]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lukato-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llugad}}
|c=br| {{l|br|lagad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lagas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llygad}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|rosc}}, {{l|sga|súil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|rosc}}, {{l|ga|súil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sùil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|sooill}}
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| [[nose]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*srognā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*froɨn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|fri}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|troen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|trwyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|srón}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|srón}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sròn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|stroin}}
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| [[mouth]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*genus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gen}}
|c=br| {{l|br|beg}}, {{l|br|genoù}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ganow}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ceg}}, {{l|cy|genau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|á}}, {{l|sga|bél}}, {{l|sga|gin}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|béal}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beul}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beeal}}
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| [[tooth]] {{small|(rather not molar)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dant}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dant}}
|c=br| {{l|br|dant}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dans}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dant}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|dét}}, {{l|sga|fíacail}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|déad}}, {{l|ga|fiacail}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fiacaill}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|feeackle}}
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| [[tongue]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tangʷāss}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|teod}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|taves}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tafod}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tengae}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|teanga}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|teanga}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|çhengey}}
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| [[fingernail]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*angʷīnā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ėɣwin}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ivin}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ewyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ewin}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ingen}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ionga}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ìne}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ingin}}
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| [[foot]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tregess}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|troad}}, {{l|br|troed}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|troes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|troed}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cos}}, {{l|sga|traig}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cos}}, {{l|ga|troigh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cass}}
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| [[leg]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*koxsā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*koɨs}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gar}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|garr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coes}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cos}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cos}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cass}}, {{l|gv|lurgey}}
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| [[knee]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*glūnos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*glin}}
|c=br| {{l|br|glin}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|glin}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|glin}}, {{l|cy|pen-glin}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|glún}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|glúin}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|glùn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|glioon}}
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| [[hand]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸlāmā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llọβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|dorn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dorn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llaw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lám}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|lámh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|làmh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|laue}}
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| [[wing]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatanī}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|askell}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|askell}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|adain}}, {{l|cy|asgell}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ette}}, {{l|sga|scíath}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eite}}, {{l|ga|eiteog}}, {{l|ga|sciath}}, {{l|ga|sciathán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sgiath}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fedjag}}, {{l|gv|skian}}
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| [[belly]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bolgos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bolɣ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kof}}, {{l|br|tor}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kroth}}, {{l|kw|torr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bol}}, {{l|cy|bola}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bolg}}, {{l|sga|brú}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bolg}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|broinn}}, {{l|gd|brù}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|bolg}}
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| [[gut]]s
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bouzellenn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kolodhyon}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coluddion}}, {{l|cy|perfeddion}}, {{l|cy|ymysgaroedd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cáelán}}, {{l|sga|inathar}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|inní}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|caolan}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|collane}}
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| [[neck]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*monis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|gouzoug}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|konna}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwddf}}, {{l|cy|gwddwg}}, {{l|cy|mwnwgl}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|brága}}, {{l|sga|muin}}, {{l|sga|muinél}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|muineál}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|muineal}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mwannal}}
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| [[back]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kein}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|keyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cefn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cúl}}, {{l|sga|druimm}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|droim}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|druim}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|dreeym}}
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| [[breast]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*brusū}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kīkos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bronn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bronn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bronn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bron}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cích}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|brollach}}, {{l|ga|cíoch}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cìoch}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|keeagh}}
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| [[heart]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kalonā}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kridyom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*kalon}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kalon}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kolon}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|calon}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cride}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|croí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cridhe}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cree}}
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| [[liver]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*awV-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|avu}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|avi}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|afu}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|óa}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ae}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}}
|}
 
==Bandal==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bandal
! Maltese
! [[Siculo-Arabic]]<br/>(in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]])
! Arabic text
! English
|-
| bebbuxu
| {{lang|mt|bebbuxu}}
| {{lang|scn|babbaluciu}}
| {{lang|ary|ببوش|rtl=yes}} (babbūš)<br/>
| snail
|-
| gebbu
| {{lang|mt|ġiebja}}
| {{lang|scn|gebbia}}
| {{lang|ar|جب|rtl=yes}} (jabb)
| cistern
|-
| giunglena
| {{lang|mt|ġunġlien}}
| {{lang|scn|giuggiulena}}
| {{lang|ar|جنجلان|rtl=yes}} (junjulān)
| sesame seed
|-
| seghija
| {{lang|mt|sieqja}}
| {{lang|scn|saia}}
| {{lang|ar|ساقية|rtl=yes}} (sāqiyah)
| canal
|-
| tennuru
| {{lang|mt|kenur}}
| {{lang|scn|tannura}}
| {{lang|ar|تنور|rtl=yes}} (tannūr)
| oven
|-
| zafranu
| {{lang|mt|żagħfran}}
| {{lang|scn|zaffarana}}
| {{lang|ar|زعفران|rtl=yes}} (zaʿfarān)
| [[saffron]]
|-
| zara
| żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian)
| {{lang|scn|zagara}}
| {{lang|ar|زهرة|rtl=yes}} (zahrah)
| blossom
|-
| sbiba
| {{lang|mt|żbib}}
| {{lang|scn|zibbibbu}}
| {{lang|ar|زبيب|rtl=yes}} (zabīb)
| raisins
|-
| segu
| {{lang|mt|zokk}} (may be borrowed from Sicilian)
| {{lang|scn|zuccu}}
| {{lang|ar|ساق|rtl=yes}} (sāq)
| tree trunk
|-
| tebutu
| {{lang|mt|tebut}}
| {{lang|scn|tabbutu}}
| {{lang|ar|تابوت|rtl=yes}} (tābūt)
| coffin
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Maltese
! Berber languages
! English
|-
| grinxula
| ''gremxula''
| ''azrem ašal'', lit. 'land worm', ([[Kabyle language|Kabyle]])
| lizard
|-
| ficruna
|''fekruna''
|''tifakrunin'' ([[Jerba Berber|Jerbi]]), ''ifekran'' ([[Shilha language|Tashelhiyt]]), ''ifkran'' (Kabyle)
|turtle
|-
| geddu
| ''geddum''
| ''aqadum'', lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle)
| chin
|-
| gendu
| ''gendus''
| ''gandūz'', lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi)
| ox, bull
|-
|
|''gerżuma''
|''ageržum'' ([[Mozabite language|Mozabite]], Tashelhiyt)
|throat
|-
|
|''tfief''
|''tilfaf'' ([[Ouargli language|Ouargli]]), ''tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf'' ([[Tarifit]])
|sow thistle (''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'')
|-
|
|''tengħud''
|''talaɣūda'' ([[Tunisian Arabic]]), ''telɣūda'' ([[Algerian Arabic]])
|spurge (''[[Euphorbia]]'')
|-
|
|''kosksu''
|''kuskesu, kuskus'' (Kabyle)
|couscous, small round pasta
|-
| fart
|''fartas''
|''aferḍas'' (Ouargli, Kabyle)
|bald
|-
|''għaffeġ''
|‘''affež'' (Algerian Arabic), ''effeẓ'' (Ouargli, Mozabite)
|to crush, to squash
|-
|
|''żrinġ''
|''tažrant'' (Jerbi)
|frog
|-
| izrar
|''żrar''
|''zrar'' (Mozabite, Ouargli), ''azrar'' (Kabyle, [[Nafusi language|Nafusi]])
|gravel
|-
|
|''werżieq''
|''wárẓag'' ([[Mrazig]])
|cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
|-
|
|''buqexrem''
|''buqišrem'' (Kabyle)
|vervain ([[Verbena officinalis]])
|-
|
|''fidloqqom''
|''fudalɣem'' (Kabyle)
|borage ([[Borage|Borago officinalis]])
|-
| zor
|''żorr''
|''uzur'' (Kabyle), ''uzzur'' (Tarifit)
|rude, arrogant
|-
|leddixer
|''lellex''
|''lelleš'' (Mozabite)
|to shine, to glitter
|-
| besber
|''pespes''
|''bbesbes'' (Ouargli)
|to whisper
|-
|tefter
|''teptep''
|''ṭṭebṭeb'' (Ouargli)
|to blink, to twinkle
|-
| bibber
|''webbel''
|''webben'' (Mozabite)
|to induce, to tempt
|}

Latest revision as of 22:36, 16 February 2024

Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.

Veithois

Latin Insular
Proto-Romance		 Insular Romance Veithois example
transcription IPA orthography IPA
ī /i/ i /i/ i /i/ vid /vid/
i /ɪ/ ẹ /e/ è ei /ɛ/ /ei̯/ sec peil /sɛk/ /pei̯l/
ē /e/ ment cein /mɛnt/ /t͡ʃei̯n/
oe ester feid /ɛstər/ /fei̯d/
e /ɛ/ ę /ɛ/ é /e/ ter pedh /tɛr/ /peð/
ae estod cel /ɛˈstod/ /t͡ʃel/
a /a/ a /a/ a /a/ can /kan/
ā /ɑ/ ǫ /ɔ/ ò ó /ɔ/ /o/ nos /noz/
o /ɔ/ sot cor /sɔt/ /kor/
ō /o/ ọ /o/ ou eu /u/ /e/ mount fleur /munt/ /fler/
u /ʊ/ gout gheul /gut/ /gel/
ū /u/ u /u/ u /i/ mur /mir/
au /au/ au /au/ au /ai/ caudh /kaið/

Gothic vowel changes

Development of Wulfilan Gothic vowels in Niemish
Gothic Initial Medial Final
/_r/ /_r/ /_l/ /_p, b, f, m/ /_w/ /_other/ /_one consonant/ /_cluster/ absolutely final
one consonant cluster /_r/ /_l/ /_n/ /_p, b, f, m/ /_w/ /_j/ /_other/
i, aí i e e i e e iu i e ʲ
a a u y u u o u Ø
u, aú u o
ē, ei i i e i e e
ái, aíh ia
ā a u y u a
áu, aúh o
ō, ū u

adjectives

Case indefinite definite
singular plural singular plural
masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
Nominative blínd blénd bléndas blénd blénds blénd blénda bléndas bléndon bléndos
Genitive blínds blénds blíndse bléndsa blíndes bléndos blíndne bléndna
Dative bléndum blénde bléndę bléndę bléndą bléndą

adj

Case attributive predicative
singular plural singular plural
masc./neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
indefinite definite
Direct blínd blénd blénd blénd blénda bléndas bléndon bléndos
Genitive blínd blénd blínd blénd blíndes bléndos blíndse bléndsa
Dative blénd blénd bléndę bléndą bléndą
Case attributive predicative
singular plural singular plural
masc./neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
indefinite definite
Direct frús frós frós frós frósa frósas fróson frósos
Genitive frús frós frús frós frúses frósos frúsne frósna
Dative frós frós frósę frósą frósą

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal /m/ ⟨m⟩ /n/ ⟨n⟩ /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive /p/ ⟨p⟩ /t/ ⟨t⟩ /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] /q/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1]
Fricative /f/ ⟨f⟩ /v/ ⟨v⟩ /s/ ⟨s⟩ /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩
Lateral /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2]
Tap /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
Semivowel /j/ ⟨j⟩

Everish


Everish
Eveireg
Pronunciation[eˈvei̯ɾeɡ]
Created byTardigrade
Native toSpain, Portugal
Early form

Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.

Phonology and Orthography

Everish Consonants

The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩
Plosive voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨c, qu⟩
voiced b~β ⟨b⟩ d~ð ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩
Fricative voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩
voiceless f ⟨f⟩ θ ⟨ç⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ x ⟨h⟩
Approximant central j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨u⟩
lateral l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩
Tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels & Diphthongs

Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:

  1. the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
  2. the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
  3. the diphthongs

The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:

Front Central Back
Close iː           ʉ(ː)      u(ː)
Near-close ɪ             ʊ
Close-mid eː           oː
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ      ʌ    ɔ(ː)
Near-open
Open a(ː)     

All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.

+ i̯ + u̯
Near-close ɪu̯
Mid əi̯
Open-mid ɛi̯    ɔi̯ ɛu̯    ɔu̯
Open au̯

Sound Changes

Consonant Mutations

As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).

The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.

Radical Nasal Lenis Spirant
p /p/ b /b/ f /f/
t /t/ d /d/ ç /θ/
c /k/ g /g/ h /x/
ch /t͡ʃ/ dj /d͡ʒ/ x /ʃ/
b /b/ m /m/ v /v/
d /d/ n /n/ ∅
g /ɡ/ ng /ŋ/ ∅
gu /ɡw/ ng /ŋw/ v /v/
dj /d͡ʒ/ ñ /ɲ/ y /j/
y /j/ ñ /ɲ/
ll /ʎ/ l /l/
m /m/ v /ṽ/
ñ /ɲ/ n /n/
rr /r/ r /ɾ/

Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".

Examples:

  • Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
  • Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
  • Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"

List

№ English Proto-Celtic Common Brittonic Breton Cornish Welsh Old Irish Everish
1 I Proto-Celtic *mī Proto-Brythonic *mi Breton me Cornish my Welsh mi, Welsh fi Old Irish mé mi
2 you Proto-Celtic *tū Proto-Brythonic *ti Breton te Cornish ty Welsh ti Old Irish tú ti
3 he Proto-Celtic *es Proto-Brythonic *eβ̃ Breton eñ Cornish ev Welsh ef, Welsh fe, Welsh fo Old Irish é ey
4 we Proto-Celtic *snīs Proto-Brythonic *ni Breton ni Cornish ny Welsh ni Old Irish sní ni
5 you (plural) Proto-Celtic *swīs, Proto-Celtic *swīsswīs Proto-Brythonic *hwi Breton c'hwi Cornish hwi Welsh chi, Welsh chwi Old Irish sib, Old Irish síi huy
6 they Proto-Celtic *yoi Breton i, Breton int Cornish i Welsh hwy, Welsh hwynt, Welsh nhw Old Irish é i
7 this Proto-Celtic *se-, Proto-Celtic *sindos, Proto-Celtic *so-sin Breton an ... Breton mañ Cornish an ... Cornish ma Welsh hwn, Welsh y ... Welsh yma Old Irish in ... Old Irish so Irish an ... Irish seo, Irish an ... Irish so Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic seo Manx yn ... Manx shoh
8 that Proto-Celtic *emo-, Proto-Celtic *sindo-de Breton an ... Breton se Cornish an ... Cornish na Welsh hwnnw, Welsh y ... Welsh yna Old Irish in ... Old Irish sin, Old Irish in ... Old Irish tall Irish an ... Irish sin, Irish an ... Irish siúd Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic sin, Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic siud Manx yn ... Manx shen, Manx yn ... Manx shid
9 here Proto-Celtic *sondo, Proto-Celtic *uman? Breton amañ Cornish omma Welsh yma Old Irish sund Irish anseo Scottish Gaelic an-seo Manx ayns shoh, Manx aynshoh
10 there Proto-Celtic *anda?, Proto-Celtic *kē Breton aze, Breton eno Cornish ena Welsh yna Old Irish tall Irish ansin, Irish ansiúd Scottish Gaelic an sin, Scottish Gaelic an siud Manx ayns shen, Manx ayns shid
11 who Proto-Celtic *kʷēs Proto-Brythonic *puɨ Breton piv Cornish piw Welsh pwy Old Irish cía Irish cé Scottish Gaelic cò Manx quoi
12 what Proto-Celtic *kʷid Breton petra Cornish pyth Welsh beth Old Irish cid Irish cad é, Irish céard Scottish Gaelic ciod, Scottish Gaelic dè Manx c'red, Manx cre
13 where Proto-Celtic *kʷuts Breton pelec'h Cornish ple Welsh ble Old Irish cairm, Old Irish cía airm, Old Irish cía dú Irish cá, Irish cá háit, Irish cén áit Scottish Gaelic càite Manx c'raad
14 when Proto-Celtic *kʷan(o) Breton pedavare, Breton pegoulz, Breton peur, Breton pevare Cornish p'eur Welsh pryd Old Irish cuin Irish cá huair, Irish cathain, Irish cén uair Scottish Gaelic cuin Manx cre'n traa, Welsh cuin
15 how Breton pegiz, Breton penaos, Breton pevod Cornish fatel Welsh sut, Welsh pa fodd Old Irish cía chruth, Old Irish cía indas, Old Irish cindas, Old Irish co Irish cad é mar, Irish cén chaoi, Irish conas Scottish Gaelic ciamar, Scottish Gaelic cionnas Manx cre'n aght, Manx kanys, Manx kys
16 not Proto-Celtic *ne, Proto-Celtic *nīs Proto-Brythonic *ni Breton ne ... Breton ket Cornish ny Welsh ddim, Welsh nid Old Irish ní, Old Irish nícon ne
17 all Proto-Celtic *olyos Breton holl, Breton tout Cornish oll Welsh holl, Welsh i gyd, Welsh oll Old Irish uile Irish uile Scottish Gaelic uile Manx ooilley
18 many Proto-Celtic *ɸilu- Breton kalz, Breton lies a Cornish lies, Cornish lower Welsh llawer Old Irish il, Old Irish imdae, Old Irish mór Irish a lán, Irish mórán Scottish Gaelic mòran Manx mooarane, Manx ram
19 some Proto-Celtic *nekʷos Breton bennak, Breton meur a Cornish nebes Welsh rhai, Welsh rhyw Old Irish nach Irish éigin, Irish roinnt Scottish Gaelic eigin, Scottish Gaelic roinn Manx ennagh, Manx kuse, Manx shiartanse
20 few Proto-Celtic *bikkano, Proto-Celtic *nekʷos Breton nebeut Cornish nebes Welsh ychydig Old Irish bec, Old Irish terc, Old Irish úathad Irish beagán Scottish Gaelic beagan Manx beggan
21 other Proto-Celtic *alyos, Proto-Celtic *aralyos Breton all, Breton arall Cornish aral Welsh arall Old Irish aile Irish eile Scottish Gaelic eile Manx elley
22 one Proto-Celtic *oinos, Proto-Celtic *oynānos Proto-Brythonic *ʉn Breton unan Cornish onan Welsh un Old Irish óen un
23 two Proto-Celtic *dwau Proto-Brythonic *dọw Breton daou Cornish dew Welsh dau Old Irish dá do
24 three Proto-Celtic *trīs Proto-Brythonic *tri Breton tri Cornish tri Welsh tair, Welsh tri Old Irish trí tri
25 four Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores Proto-Brythonic *pedwar Breton pevar Cornish peswar Welsh pedwar Old Irish cethair peser
26 five Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe Proto-Brythonic *pɨmp Breton pemp Cornish pymp Welsh pump Old Irish cóic pim
27 big Proto-Celtic *brassos, Proto-Celtic *māros Proto-Brythonic *mọr Breton bras, Breton meur Cornish bras, Breton meur Welsh mawr Old Irish oll, Old Irish mór bras
28 long Proto-Celtic *sīros Proto-Brythonic *hir Breton hir Cornish hir Welsh hir Old Irish fota, Old Irish sír ir
29 wide Proto-Celtic *ɸlitanos Proto-Brythonic *llɨdan Breton ledan Cornish ledan, Cornish efan Welsh llydan Old Irish lethan lledan
30 thick Proto-Celtic *remros, Proto-Celtic *tegus Proto-Brythonic *teɣ Breton tev, Breton fetis Cornish tew Welsh tew Old Irish remor, Old Irish tiug teu
31 heavy Proto-Celtic *trummos Proto-Brythonic *trum Breton pounner Cornish poos Welsh trwm Old Irish trom trum
32 small Proto-Celtic *bikkos Proto-Brythonic *bɨx Breton bihan Cornish bian, Cornish byghan Welsh bach, Welsh bychan Old Irish bec Irish beag Scottish Gaelic beag Manx beg
33 short Proto-Celtic *birros, Proto-Celtic *gerros Proto-Brythonic *bɨrr Breton berr Cornish berr Welsh byr Old Irish cummair, Old Irish berr, Old Irish gerr Irish gearr Scottish Gaelic geàrr Manx giare
34 narrow Proto-Celtic *angus Proto-Brythonic *kʉl Breton enk, Breton strizh Cornish kul, Cornish ynn Welsh cul Old Irish cáel, Old Irish cumung Irish cúng Scottish Gaelic cumhang Manx coon
35 thin Proto-Celtic *tanauyos Breton moan, Breton tanav Cornish moon, Cornish tanow Welsh tenau Old Irish séim, Old Irish tanae Irish tanaí Scottish Gaelic tana Manx thanney
36 woman Proto-Celtic *benā Proto-Brythonic *ben, Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg Breton gwreg, Breton maouez Cornish benyn Welsh benw, Welsh benyw, Welsh dynes, Welsh gwraig, Welsh merch Old Irish ben Irish bean Scottish Gaelic bean Manx ben
37 man (adult male) Proto-Celtic *wiros Proto-Brythonic *gwur Welsh gour, Breton gwaz, Welsh den Welsh gour, Cornish gwas Welsh dyn, Welsh gŵr Old Irish fer guas
38 man (human being) Proto-Celtic *gdonyos Proto-Brythonic *dün Breton den Cornish den Welsh dyn Old Irish duine din
39 child (youth) Proto-Celtic *mustākos Breton bugel Cornish flogh Welsh plant Old Irish lenab, Old Irish noídiu Irish leanbh, Irish páiste Scottish Gaelic leanabh, Scottish Gaelic pàiste Manx lhiannoo, Welsh paitçhey
40 wife Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg Breton gwreg Cornish gwreg Welsh gwraig Old Irish ben, Old Irish séitig Irish bean, Irish bean chéile Scottish Gaelic bean, Scottish Gaelic bean-chèile, Scottish Gaelic bean-phòsta Manx ben, Manx ben heshey, Manx ben phoost
41 husband Proto-Celtic *wiros Proto-Brythonic *gwur Breton gwaz Cornish gour Welsh gŵr Old Irish céile, Old Irish fer Irish fear céile Scottish Gaelic fear-pòsta Manx dooinney, Manx dooinney poost, Manx sheshey, Manx sheshey poost
42 mother Proto-Celtic *mātīr Proto-Brythonic *mamm Breton mamm Cornish mamm Welsh mam Old Irish máthair Irish máthair Scottish Gaelic màthair Manx moir
43 father Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr Proto-Brythonic *tad Breton tad Cornish tas Welsh tad Old Irish athair Irish athair Scottish Gaelic athair Manx ayr
44 animal Proto-Celtic *mīlom Proto-Brythonic *mil Breton aneval, Breton loen, Breton mil Cornish eneval, Cornish mil Welsh anifail, Welsh mil Old Irish anmandae, Old Irish míl, Old Irish robb Irish ainmhí Scottish Gaelic ainmhidh Manx baagh, Manx baaghtagh, Manx bioagh, Manx cretoor
45 fish Proto-Celtic *ɸēskos Proto-Brythonic *uɨsk Breton pesk Cornish pysk Welsh pysgodyn Old Irish íasc peixed
46 bird Proto-Celtic *ɸatar, Proto-Celtic *ɸetnos Proto-Brythonic *edn Breton evn, Breton labous Cornish edhen Welsh aderyn Old Irish én eden
47 dog Proto-Celtic *kū Proto-Brythonic *ki Breton ki Cornish ki Welsh ci Old Irish cú, Old Irish matad chi
48 louse Proto-Celtic *luwā Breton laou Cornish low Welsh llau Old Irish míl, Old Irish míl étgudo llo
49 snake Proto-Celtic *natrixs Breton naer, Breton sarpant Cornish sarf Welsh neidr, Welsh sarff Old Irish nathair nader
50 worm Proto-Celtic *kʷrimis Proto-Brythonic *prɨβ̃ Breton buzhug, Welsh preñv Cornish pryv Welsh abwydyn, Welsh mwydyn, Welsh pryf, Welsh pryf genwair Old Irish cruim prĩu
51 tree Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom Proto-Brythonic *prenn Breton gwez Cornish gwedh Welsh coed, Welsh colfen, Welsh pren Old Irish crann, Old Irish fid Irish bile, Irish crann Scottish Gaelic crann, Scottish Gaelic craobh Manx billey
52 forest Proto-Celtic *kaito- Proto-Brythonic *koɨd Breton koad, Breton koed Cornish koos, Cornish koswik Welsh coedwig, Welsh fforest Old Irish caill, Old Irish fid, Old Irish fidbad, Old Irish ros, Old Irish ruud Irish coill Scottish Gaelic coille Manx keyll
53 stick (of wood) Proto-Celtic *lorgā Breton bazh Cornish lorgh Welsh ffon, Welsh llory Old Irish flesc, Old Irish maide Irish bata, Irish maide Scottish Gaelic bata, Scottish Gaelic bioran, Scottish Gaelic maide Manx maidjey
54 fruit Proto-Celtic *sutu- Breton frouezh Cornish frooth Welsh ffrwyth Old Irish mess, Old Irish torad Irish toradh Scottish Gaelic meas, Scottish Gaelic toradh Manx mess, Manx troar
55 seed Proto-Celtic *segeto-, Proto-Celtic *sīlom Breton had Cornish has Welsh had Old Irish síl Irish síol Scottish Gaelic sìol Manx rass, Manx sheel
56 leaf Proto-Celtic *dolnyā, Proto-Celtic *dolyā Breton del Cornish delen Welsh dail Old Irish duilne Irish duille Scottish Gaelic duilleag Manx duillag
57 root Proto-Celtic *wridā Breton gwrizienn Cornish gwreydh Welsh gwraidd, Welsh gwreiddyn Old Irish frém, Old Irish mecon Irish fréamh Scottish Gaelic freumh Manx fraue
58 bark (of tree) Proto-Celtic *ruskos Proto-Brythonic *rrisk Breton rusk Cornish rusk Welsh rhisgl Old Irish coirt, Old Irish croiccenn, Old Irish crottball, Old Irish rúsc Irish coirt, Irish rúsc}, Irish snamh Scottish Gaelic rùsg Manx roost
59 flower Proto-Celtic *blātus Proto-Brythonic *blọd Breton bleuñv Cornish bleujen Welsh blodyn Old Irish bláth, Old Irish scoth Irish bláth, Irish scoth Scottish Gaelic blàth Manx blaa
60 grass Proto-Celtic *gʷeltā Proto-Brythonic *gwellt Breton geot, Breton gwelt Cornish gwels Welsh gwellt Old Irish fér Irish féar Scottish Gaelic feur Manx faiyr
61 rope Proto-Celtic *lomanā Breton kordenn Cornish lovan, Cornish korden Welsh rhaff Old Irish loman, Old Irish súainem, Old Irish tét Irish téad Scottish Gaelic ròpa, Scottish Gaelic teud Manx tead
62 skin (of a person) Proto-Celtic *krokkenom, Proto-Celtic *kroknom Proto-Brythonic *krʉn Breton kroc'hen Cornish kroghen Welsh croen Old Irish cnes, Old Irish croiccenn Irish cneas, Irish craiceann Scottish Gaelic cneas,Scottish Gaelic craiceann Manx crackan
63 meat (as in flesh) Proto-Celtic *kīkos, Proto-Celtic *mīros Breton kig Cornish kig Welsh cig Old Irish cúa, Old Irish féoil Irish feoil Scottish Gaelic feòil Manx feill
64 blood Proto-Celtic *krowos Proto-Brythonic *krow Breton gwad Cornish goos Welsh gwaed Old Irish crú, Old Irish fuil Irish cró, Irish fuil Scottish Gaelic fuil Manx fuill
65 bone Proto-Celtic *astkornu, Proto-Celtic *knāmis Breton askorn Cornish askorn Welsh asgwrn Old Irish cnáim Irish cnámh Scottish Gaelic cnàimh Manx craue
66 fat (noun) Proto-Celtic *gʷered- Breton druz, Breton lart Cornish blonek Welsh saim Old Irish béoil, Old Irish blonac, Old Irish geir, Old Irish íth Irish blonag, Irish saill Scottish Gaelic saill Manx blennick, Manx sahll
67 egg Proto-Celtic *āuyom Breton vi Cornish oy Welsh wy Old Irish og Irish ubh Scottish Gaelic ugh Manx ooh
68 horn Proto-Celtic *kornu- Breton korn Cornish korn Welsh corn Old Irish adarc, Old Irish benn, Old Irish corn Irish adharc, Irish corn Scottish Gaelic adharc, Scottish Gaelic corn Manx corn, Manx eairk
69 tail Proto-Celtic *lostā Breton lost Cornish lost Welsh cynffon, Welsh llost Old Irish erball, Old Irish err Irish eireaball Scottish Gaelic earball Manx arbyl, Manx famman
70 feather(rather not down) Breton pluñv Cornish pluv Welsh plu Old Irish cleitte Irish cleite Scottish Gaelic ite Manx clooie, Manx fedjag
71 hair Proto-Celtic *woltos Proto-Brythonic *gwollt Breton blev Cornish blew, Cornish gols Welsh blew, Welsh gwallt Old Irish finna Old Irish folt Irish folt, Irish gruaig Scottish Gaelic falt, Scottish Gaelic gruag Manx folt, Manx gruag
72 head Proto-Celtic *kʷennom Proto-Brythonic *penn Breton penn Cornish penn Welsh pen Old Irish cenn Irish ceann Scottish Gaelic ceann Manx kione
73 ear Proto-Celtic *ausos, Proto-Celtic *kloustā Proto-Brythonic *klʉst Breton skouarn Cornish skovarn Welsh clust Old Irish áu, Old Irish clúas Irish cluas Scottish Gaelic cluas Manx cleaysh
74 eye Proto-Celtic *lukato- Proto-Brythonic *llugad Breton lagad Cornish lagas Welsh llygad Old Irish rosc, Old Irish súil Irish rosc, Irish súil Scottish Gaelic sùil Manx sooill
75 nose Proto-Celtic *srognā Proto-Brythonic *froɨn Breton fri Cornish troen Welsh trwyn Old Irish srón Irish srón Scottish Gaelic sròn Manx stroin
76 mouth Proto-Celtic *genus Proto-Brythonic *gen Breton beg, Breton genoù Cornish ganow Welsh ceg, Welsh genau Old Irish á, Old Irish bél, Old Irish gin Irish béal Scottish Gaelic beul Manx beeal
77 tooth (rather not molar) Proto-Celtic *dant Proto-Brythonic *dant Breton dant Cornish dans Welsh dant Old Irish dét, Old Irish fíacail Irish déad, Irish fiacail Scottish Gaelic fiacaill Manx feeackle
78 tongue Proto-Celtic *tangʷāss Breton teod Cornish taves Welsh tafod Old Irish tengae Irish teanga Scottish Gaelic teanga Manx çhengey
79 fingernail Proto-Celtic *angʷīnā Proto-Brythonic *ėɣwin Breton ivin Cornish ewyn Welsh ewin Old Irish ingen Irish ionga Scottish Gaelic ìne Manx ingin
80 foot Proto-Celtic *tregess Breton troad, Breton troed Cornish troes Welsh troed Old Irish cos, Old Irish traig Irish cos, Irish troigh Scottish Gaelic cas Manx cass
81 leg Proto-Celtic *koxsā Proto-Brythonic *koɨs Breton gar Cornish garr Welsh coes Old Irish cos Irish cos Scottish Gaelic cas Manx cass, Manx lurgey
82 knee Proto-Celtic *glūnos Proto-Brythonic *glin Breton glin Cornish glin Welsh glin, Welsh pen-glin Old Irish glún Irish glúin Scottish Gaelic glùn Manx glioon
83 hand Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā Proto-Brythonic *llọβ̃ Breton dorn Cornish dorn Welsh llaw Old Irish lám Irish lámh Scottish Gaelic làmh Manx laue
84 wing Proto-Celtic *ɸatanī Breton askell Cornish askell Welsh adain, Welsh asgell Old Irish ette, Old Irish scíath Irish eite, Irish eiteog, Irish sciath, Irish sciathán Scottish Gaelic sgiath Manx fedjag, Manx skian
85 belly Proto-Celtic *bolgos Proto-Brythonic *bolɣ Breton kof, Breton tor Cornish kroth, Cornish torr Welsh bol, Welsh bola Old Irish bolg, Old Irish brú Irish bolg Scottish Gaelic broinn, Scottish Gaelic brù Manx bolg
86 guts Breton bouzellenn Cornish kolodhyon Welsh coluddion, Welsh perfeddion, Welsh ymysgaroedd Old Irish cáelán, Old Irish inathar Irish inní Scottish Gaelic caolan Manx collane
87 neck Proto-Celtic *monis Breton gouzoug Cornish konna Welsh gwddf, Welsh gwddwg, Welsh mwnwgl Old Irish brága, Old Irish muin, Old Irish muinél Irish muineál Scottish Gaelic muineal Manx mwannal
88 back Breton kein Cornish keyn Welsh cefn Old Irish cúl, Old Irish druimm Irish droim Scottish Gaelic druim Manx dreeym
89 breast Proto-Celtic *brusū, Proto-Celtic *kīkos Proto-Brythonic *bronn Breton bronn Cornish bronn Welsh bron Old Irish cích Irish brollach, Irish cíoch Scottish Gaelic cìoch Manx keeagh
90 heart Proto-Celtic *kalonā, Proto-Celtic *kridyom Proto-Brythonic *kalon Breton kalon Cornish kolon Welsh calon Old Irish cride Irish croí Scottish Gaelic cridhe Manx cree
91 liver Proto-Celtic *awV- Breton avu Cornish avi Welsh afu Old Irish óa Irish ae Scottish Gaelic adha Manx aane

Bandal

Bandal Maltese Siculo-Arabic
(in Sicilian) 		Arabic text English
bebbuxu bebbuxu babbaluciu ببوش (babbūš)
 snail
gebbu ġiebja gebbia جب (jabb) cistern
giunglena ġunġlien giuggiulena جنجلان (junjulān) sesame seed
seghija sieqja saia ساقية (sāqiyah) canal
tennuru kenur tannura تنور (tannūr) oven
zafranu żagħfran zaffarana زعفران (zaʿfarān) saffron
zara żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) zagara زهرة (zahrah) blossom
sbiba żbib zibbibbu زبيب (zabīb) raisins
segu zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) zuccu ساق (sāq) tree trunk
tebutu tebut tabbutu تابوت (tābūt) coffin
Maltese Berber languages English
grinxula gremxula azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) lizard
ficruna fekruna tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) turtle
geddu geddum aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) chin
gendu gendus gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) ox, bull
gerżuma ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) throat
tfief tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
tengħud talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) spurge (Euphorbia)
kosksu kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) couscous, small round pasta
fart fartas aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) bald
għaffeġ ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) to crush, to squash
żrinġ tažrant (Jerbi) frog
izrar żrar zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) gravel
werżieq wárẓag (Mrazig) cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
buqexrem buqišrem (Kabyle) vervain (Verbena officinalis)
fidloqqom fudalɣem (Kabyle) borage (Borago officinalis)
zor żorr uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) rude, arrogant
leddixer lellex lelleš (Mozabite) to shine, to glitter
besber pespes bbesbes (Ouargli) to whisper
tefter teptep ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) to blink, to twinkle
bibber webbel webben (Mozabite) to induce, to tempt
  1. ^ a b c d e before a front vowel or ⟨j⟩
  2. ^ second articulation when geminated
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