User:Tardigrade: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Tardigrade (talk | contribs) (→List) |
Tardigrade (talk | contribs) |
||
| (73 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
|pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ | |pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ | ||
|creator = Tardigrade | |creator = Tardigrade | ||
|states = Spain, Portugal | |states = Spain, Portugal | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| Line 202: | Line 201: | ||
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]] | |fam3= [[Insular Celtic]] | ||
|fam4= [[Brythonic]] | |fam4= [[Brythonic]] | ||
|ancestor= [[Common Brythonic]] | |ancestor= [[w:Common Brythonic|Common Brythonic]] | ||
|script1 = Latn | |script1 = Latn | ||
}} | }} | ||
Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | ||
==Phonology and Orthography== | |||
===Everish Consonants=== | |||
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | | |||
! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | |||
! [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | |||
! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]] | |||
! [[w:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced_bilabial_nasal|m]] ⟨m⟩ | |||
| rowspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | |||
| style=border-left:0; | | |||
| [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩ | |||
| [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩ | |||
| [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] ⟨p⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_plosive|t]] ⟨t⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | | |||
| [[w:t͡ʃ|t͡ʃ]] ⟨ch⟩ | |||
| [[w:/k/|k]] ⟨c, qu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]]~[[w:ʒ|ʒ]] ⟨g, j⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |||
| [[w:Voiced_labial_fricative|v]] ⟨v⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant|z]] ⟨z⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_labial_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] ⟨ç⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩ | |||
| [[w:ʃ|ʃ]] ⟨x⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]] ⟨h⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] !! <small>[[w:Central consonant|central]]</small> | |||
| rowspan=4 colspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | |||
| style=border-left:0; | | |||
| [[w:/j/|j]] ⟨y⟩ | |||
| [[w:/w/|w]] ⟨u⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | |||
| [[w:/l/|l]] ⟨l⟩ | |||
| [[w:/ʎ/|ʎ]] ⟨ll⟩ | |||
| rowspan=3 style=border-left:0; | | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Trill|Trill]] | |||
| [[w:/r/|r]] ⟨rr⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Tap|Tap]] | |||
| [[w:/ɾ/|ɾ]] ⟨r⟩ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | |||
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds: | |||
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels | |||
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels | |||
# the diphthongs | |||
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Central | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| iː | |||
| ʉ(ː) | |||
| u(ː) | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-close | |||
| ɪ | |||
| | |||
| ʊ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close-mid | |||
| eː | |||
| | |||
| oː | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| | |||
| ə | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| ɛ | |||
| | |||
| ʌ ɔ(ː) | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| a(ː) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ i̯ | |||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ u̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-close | |||
| | |||
| ɪu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| əi̯ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | |||
| ɛu̯ ɔu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| au̯ | |||
|} | |||
===Sound Changes=== | ===Sound Changes=== | ||
====Consonant Mutations==== | ====Consonant Mutations==== | ||
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' ('' | As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]''). | ||
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | ||
| Line 226: | Line 365: | ||
| ''t'' /t/ | | ''t'' /t/ | ||
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | | colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| '' | | ''ç'' /θ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''c'' /k/ | | ''c'' /k/ | ||
| Line 242: | Line 381: | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| ''n'' /n/ | | ''n'' /n/ | ||
| colspan=2 | | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''g'' /ɡ/ | | ''g'' /ɡ/ | ||
| ''ng'' /ŋ/ | | ''ng'' /ŋ/ | ||
| colspan=2 | | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |||
| ''gu'' /ɡw/ | |||
| ''ng'' /ŋw/ | |||
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/ | | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| Line 277: | Line 420: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Lenited ''g'' | Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i | * Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona". | ||
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri | * Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | ||
* Nasalisation: ''no | * Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona", ''mi garrer'' "my road" | ||
===List=== | ===List=== | ||
| Line 305: | Line 447: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mi}}, {{l|cy|fi}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|mi}}, {{l|cy|fi}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|mé}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|mé}} | ||
|c= | |c=ev| {{term#mi|mi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 2 | |i=No| 2 | ||
| Line 315: | Line 457: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ti}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|ti}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tú}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|tú}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#ti|ti}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 3 | |i=No| 3 | ||
| Line 325: | Line 467: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ef}}, {{l|cy|fe}}, {{l|cy|fo}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|ef}}, {{l|cy|fe}}, {{l|cy|fo}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|é}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#ey|ey}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 4 | |i=No| 4 | ||
| Line 335: | Line 477: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ni}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|ni}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sní}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|sní}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#ni|ni}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 5 | |i=No| 5 | ||
| Line 345: | Line 487: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|chi}}, {{l|cy|chwi}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|chi}}, {{l|cy|chwi}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sib}}, {{l|sga|síi}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|sib}}, {{l|sga|síi}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#huy|huy}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 6 | |i=No| 6 | ||
| Line 355: | Line 497: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwy}}, {{l|cy|hwynt}}, {{l|cy|nhw}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|hwy}}, {{l|cy|hwynt}}, {{l|cy|nhw}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|é}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#i|i}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 7 | |i=No| 7 | ||
| Line 473: | Line 615: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ddim}}, {{l|cy|nid}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|ddim}}, {{l|cy|nid}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ní}}, {{l|sga|nícon}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|ní}}, {{l|sga|nícon}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#ne|ne}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 17 | |i=No| 17 | ||
| Line 543: | Line 685: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|un}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|un}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|óen}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|óen}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#un|un}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 23 | |i=No| 23 | ||
| Line 553: | Line 695: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dau}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|dau}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|dá}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|dá}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#do|do}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 24 | |i=No| 24 | ||
| Line 563: | Line 705: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tair}}, {{l|cy|tri}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|tair}}, {{l|cy|tri}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trí}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|trí}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#tri|tri}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 25 | |i=No| 25 | ||
| Line 573: | Line 715: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pedwar}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|pedwar}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cethair}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|cethair}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#peser|peser}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 26 | |i=No| 26 | ||
| Line 583: | Line 725: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pump}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|pump}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cóic}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|cóic}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#pim|pim}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 27 | |i=No| 27 | ||
| Line 593: | Line 735: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mawr}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|mawr}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|oll}}, {{l|sga|mór}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|oll}}, {{l|sga|mór}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#bras|bras}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 28 | |i=No| 28 | ||
| Line 603: | Line 745: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hir}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|hir}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fota}}, {{l|sga|sír}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|fota}}, {{l|sga|sír}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#ir|ir}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 29 | |i=No| 29 | ||
| Line 613: | Line 755: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llydan}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|llydan}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lethan}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|lethan}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#lledan|lledan}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 30 | |i=No| 30 | ||
| Line 623: | Line 765: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tew}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|tew}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|remor}}, {{l|sga|tiug}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|remor}}, {{l|sga|tiug}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#treu|teu}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 31 | |i=No| 31 | ||
| Line 633: | Line 775: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|trwm}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|trwm}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trom}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|trom}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#trum|trum}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 32 | |i=No| 32 | ||
| Line 703: | Line 845: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#guas|guas}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 38 | |i=No| 38 | ||
| Line 713: | Line 855: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|duine}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|duine}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#din|din}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 39 | |i=No| 39 | ||
| Line 795: | Line 937: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pysgodyn}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|pysgodyn}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|íasc}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|íasc}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#peixed|peixed}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 46 | |i=No| 46 | ||
| Line 805: | Line 947: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|aderyn}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|aderyn}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|én}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|én}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#eden|eden}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 47 | |i=No| 47 | ||
| Line 815: | Line 957: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ci}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|ci}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cú}}, {{l|sga|matad}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|cú}}, {{l|sga|matad}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#chi|chi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 48 | |i=No| 48 | ||
| Line 825: | Line 967: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llau}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|llau}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|míl étgudo}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|míl étgudo}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#llo|llo}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 49 | |i=No| 49 | ||
| Line 835: | Line 977: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|neidr}}, {{l|cy|sarff}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|neidr}}, {{l|cy|sarff}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|nathair}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|nathair}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#nader|nader}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 50 | |i=No| 50 | ||
| Line 845: | Line 987: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|abwydyn}}, {{l|cy|mwydyn}}, {{l|cy|pryf}}, {{l|cy|pryf genwair}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|abwydyn}}, {{l|cy|mwydyn}}, {{l|cy|pryf}}, {{l|cy|pryf genwair}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cruim}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|cruim}} | ||
|c=ev| {{ | |c=ev| {{term#prĩu|prĩu}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 51 | |i=No| 51 | ||
| Line 1,338: | Line 1,480: | ||
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}} | |c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}} | ||
|c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}} | |c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}} | ||
|} | |||
==Bandal== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Bandal | |||
! Maltese | |||
! [[Siculo-Arabic]]<br/>(in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]) | |||
! Arabic text | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| bebbuxu | |||
| {{lang|mt|bebbuxu}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|babbaluciu}} | |||
| {{lang|ary|ببوش|rtl=yes}} (babbūš)<br/> | |||
| snail | |||
|- | |||
| gebbu | |||
| {{lang|mt|ġiebja}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|gebbia}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|جب|rtl=yes}} (jabb) | |||
| cistern | |||
|- | |||
| giunglena | |||
| {{lang|mt|ġunġlien}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|giuggiulena}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|جنجلان|rtl=yes}} (junjulān) | |||
| sesame seed | |||
|- | |||
| seghija | |||
| {{lang|mt|sieqja}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|saia}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|ساقية|rtl=yes}} (sāqiyah) | |||
| canal | |||
|- | |||
| tennuru | |||
| {{lang|mt|kenur}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|tannura}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|تنور|rtl=yes}} (tannūr) | |||
| oven | |||
|- | |||
| zafranu | |||
| {{lang|mt|żagħfran}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|zaffarana}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زعفران|rtl=yes}} (zaʿfarān) | |||
| [[saffron]] | |||
|- | |||
| zara | |||
| żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | |||
| {{lang|scn|zagara}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زهرة|rtl=yes}} (zahrah) | |||
| blossom | |||
|- | |||
| sbiba | |||
| {{lang|mt|żbib}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|zibbibbu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زبيب|rtl=yes}} (zabīb) | |||
| raisins | |||
|- | |||
| segu | |||
| {{lang|mt|zokk}} (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | |||
| {{lang|scn|zuccu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|ساق|rtl=yes}} (sāq) | |||
| tree trunk | |||
|- | |||
| tebutu | |||
| {{lang|mt|tebut}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|tabbutu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|تابوت|rtl=yes}} (tābūt) | |||
| coffin | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Maltese | |||
! Berber languages | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| grinxula | |||
| ''gremxula'' | |||
| ''azrem ašal'', lit. 'land worm', ([[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]) | |||
| lizard | |||
|- | |||
| ficruna | |||
|''fekruna'' | |||
|''tifakrunin'' ([[Jerba Berber|Jerbi]]), ''ifekran'' ([[Shilha language|Tashelhiyt]]), ''ifkran'' (Kabyle) | |||
|turtle | |||
|- | |||
| geddu | |||
| ''geddum'' | |||
| ''aqadum'', lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | |||
| chin | |||
|- | |||
| gendu | |||
| ''gendus'' | |||
| ''gandūz'', lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | |||
| ox, bull | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''gerżuma'' | |||
|''ageržum'' ([[Mozabite language|Mozabite]], Tashelhiyt) | |||
|throat | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''tfief'' | |||
|''tilfaf'' ([[Ouargli language|Ouargli]]), ''tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf'' ([[Tarifit]]) | |||
|sow thistle (''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'') | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''tengħud'' | |||
|''talaɣūda'' ([[Tunisian Arabic]]), ''telɣūda'' ([[Algerian Arabic]]) | |||
|spurge (''[[Euphorbia]]'') | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''kosksu'' | |||
|''kuskesu, kuskus'' (Kabyle) | |||
|couscous, small round pasta | |||
|- | |||
| fart | |||
|''fartas'' | |||
|''aferḍas'' (Ouargli, Kabyle) | |||
|bald | |||
|- | |||
|''għaffeġ'' | |||
|‘''affež'' (Algerian Arabic), ''effeẓ'' (Ouargli, Mozabite) | |||
|to crush, to squash | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''żrinġ'' | |||
|''tažrant'' (Jerbi) | |||
|frog | |||
|- | |||
| izrar | |||
|''żrar'' | |||
|''zrar'' (Mozabite, Ouargli), ''azrar'' (Kabyle, [[Nafusi language|Nafusi]]) | |||
|gravel | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''werżieq'' | |||
|''wárẓag'' ([[Mrazig]]) | |||
|cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''buqexrem'' | |||
|''buqišrem'' (Kabyle) | |||
|vervain ([[Verbena officinalis]]) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''fidloqqom'' | |||
|''fudalɣem'' (Kabyle) | |||
|borage ([[Borage|Borago officinalis]]) | |||
|- | |||
| zor | |||
|''żorr'' | |||
|''uzur'' (Kabyle), ''uzzur'' (Tarifit) | |||
|rude, arrogant | |||
|- | |||
|leddixer | |||
|''lellex'' | |||
|''lelleš'' (Mozabite) | |||
|to shine, to glitter | |||
|- | |||
| besber | |||
|''pespes'' | |||
|''bbesbes'' (Ouargli) | |||
|to whisper | |||
|- | |||
|tefter | |||
|''teptep'' | |||
|''ṭṭebṭeb'' (Ouargli) | |||
|to blink, to twinkle | |||
|- | |||
| bibber | |||
|''webbel'' | |||
|''webben'' (Mozabite) | |||
|to induce, to tempt | |||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:36, 16 February 2024
Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Veithois
| Latin | Insular Proto-Romance |
Insular Romance | Veithois | example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transcription | IPA | orthography | IPA | ||||||||
| ī | /i/ | i | /i/ | i | /i/ | vid | /vid/ | ||||
| i | /ɪ/ | ẹ | /e/ | è | ei | /ɛ/ | /ei̯/ | sec | peil | /sɛk/ | /pei̯l/ |
| ē | /e/ | ment | cein | /mɛnt/ | /t͡ʃei̯n/ | ||||||
| oe | ester | feid | /ɛstər/ | /fei̯d/ | |||||||
| e | /ɛ/ | ę | /ɛ/ | é | /e/ | ter | pedh | /tɛr/ | /peð/ | ||
| ae | estod | cel | /ɛˈstod/ | /t͡ʃel/ | |||||||
| a | /a/ | a | /a/ | a | /a/ | can | /kan/ | ||||
| ā | /ɑ/ | ǫ | /ɔ/ | ò | ó | /ɔ/ | /o/ | nos | /noz/ | ||
| o | /ɔ/ | sot | cor | /sɔt/ | /kor/ | ||||||
| ō | /o/ | ọ | /o/ | ou | eu | /u/ | /e/ | mount | fleur | /munt/ | /fler/ |
| u | /ʊ/ | gout | gheul | /gut/ | /gel/ | ||||||
| ū | /u/ | u | /u/ | u | /i/ | mur | /mir/ | ||||
| au | /au/ | au | /au/ | au | /ai/ | caudh | /kaið/ | ||||
Gothic vowel changes
| Gothic | Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /_r/ | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_other/ | /_one consonant/ | /_cluster/ | absolutely final | |||||||||||
| one consonant | cluster | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_n/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_j/ | /_other/ | |||||||||||
| i, aí | i | e | e | i | e | e | iu | i | e | ʲ | |||||||||
| a | a | u | y | u | u | o | u | Ø | |||||||||||
| u, aú | u | o | |||||||||||||||||
| ē, ei | i | i | e | i | e | e | |||||||||||||
| ái, aíh | ia | ||||||||||||||||||
| ā | a | u | y | u | a | ||||||||||||||
| áu, aúh | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō, ū | u | ||||||||||||||||||
adjectives
| Case | indefinite | definite | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | |
| Nominative | blínd | blénd | bléndas | blénd | blénds | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||
| Genitive | blínds | blénds | blíndse | bléndsa | blíndes | bléndos | blíndne | bléndna | ||||
| Dative | bléndum | blénde | bléndę | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | ||||||
adj
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | blínd | blénd | blénd | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||||
| Genitive | blínd | blénd | blínd | blénd | blíndes | bléndos | blíndse | bléndsa | ||||
| Dative | blénd | blénd | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | |||||||
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | frús | frós | frós | frós | frósa | frósas | fróson | frósos | ||||
| Genitive | frús | frós | frús | frós | frúses | frósos | frúsne | frósna | ||||
| Dative | frós | frós | frósę | frósą | frósą | |||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] | /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] | /q/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1] | |||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /v/ ⟨v⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] | /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] | /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩ |
| Lateral | /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2] | |||||
| Tap | /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Semivowel | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Everish
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Everish | |
|---|---|
| Eveireg | |
| Pronunciation | [eˈvei̯ɾeɡ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Phonology and Orthography
Everish Consonants
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | ||
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨ç⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | central | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨u⟩ | ||||
| lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | |||||
| Trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Vowels & Diphthongs
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
- the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
- the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
- the diphthongs
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ(ː) | |
| Near-open | |||
| Open | a(ː) |
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | ç /θ/ | |
| c /k/ | g /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dj /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| g /ɡ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu /ɡw/ | ng /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| dj /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| y /j/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ | ||
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"
List
Bandal
| Bandal | Maltese | Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian) |
Arabic text | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bebbuxu | bebbuxu | babbaluciu | ببوش (babbūš) |
snail |
| gebbu | ġiebja | gebbia | جب (jabb) | cistern |
| giunglena | ġunġlien | giuggiulena | جنجلان (junjulān) | sesame seed |
| seghija | sieqja | saia | ساقية (sāqiyah) | canal |
| tennuru | kenur | tannura | تنور (tannūr) | oven |
| zafranu | żagħfran | zaffarana | زعفران (zaʿfarān) | saffron |
| zara | żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | zagara | زهرة (zahrah) | blossom |
| sbiba | żbib | zibbibbu | زبيب (zabīb) | raisins |
| segu | zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | zuccu | ساق (sāq) | tree trunk |
| tebutu | tebut | tabbutu | تابوت (tābūt) | coffin |
| Maltese | Berber languages | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grinxula | gremxula | azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) | lizard |
| ficruna | fekruna | tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) | turtle |
| geddu | geddum | aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | chin |
| gendu | gendus | gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | ox, bull |
| gerżuma | ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) | throat | |
| tfief | tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) | sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) | |
| tengħud | talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) | spurge (Euphorbia) | |
| kosksu | kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) | couscous, small round pasta | |
| fart | fartas | aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) | bald |
| għaffeġ | ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) | to crush, to squash | |
| żrinġ | tažrant (Jerbi) | frog | |
| izrar | żrar | zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) | gravel |
| werżieq | wárẓag (Mrazig) | cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |
| buqexrem | buqišrem (Kabyle) | vervain (Verbena officinalis) | |
| fidloqqom | fudalɣem (Kabyle) | borage (Borago officinalis) | |
| zor | żorr | uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) | rude, arrogant |
| leddixer | lellex | lelleš (Mozabite) | to shine, to glitter |
| besber | pespes | bbesbes (Ouargli) | to whisper |
| tefter | teptep | ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) | to blink, to twinkle |
| bibber | webbel | webben (Mozabite) | to induce, to tempt |