Qwbmwdqwg: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
(370 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Foclòir (Lexicon)]]
'''Rwbmwdqwg''' /ɾə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language, conceived by [[User:IlL]].
: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Proto|Cèd{{cll}}-Mijòrìje (Proto-{{PAGENAME}})]]
: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Names|E{{sīn}}me Mijòrìje (Majorcan names)]]
: [[{{PAGENAME}}/self|Zèl leaṫnaċ fil Mijòrìje (This page in Majorcan)]] ([[{{PAGENAME}}/self/IPA|IPA]])
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL]]
|nativename = el Mijòrìje<br/>et teanga Mijòrìje<br/>teangatna
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Majorcan
|pronunciation = ə&#799;lmɪ&#799;jo&#799;r{{lam}}iːjə&#799;
|states = Majorca
|speakers = 1,300,000
|script = Latin
|date = 2022
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Arabic
}}
 
'''Majorcan''' is a heavily Hibernized variety of spoken historical Arabic native to the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Balearic Islands comprising the nation of Majorca (natively ''el Mijòr'' [ə&#799;lmɪ&#799;ˈjo&#799;ːɾ{{lam}}ʲ], from Latin ''(insula) major'' 'bigger island'; Irta Irish ''an Mīrı'', matched to the Old Irish legendary figure Midir), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. The native name for the language is ''el Mijòrìje'' or ''et teanga Mijòrìje'', but speakers may simply call the language ''teangatna'' [ˈt&#810;ʰæ̃ːʔʶʌtʶʰnʶʌ] 'our language'.
 
Majorcan has 850,000 speakers in Majorca; smaller Majorcan communities can be found in Southeast Asia, the British Isles, Eastern Canada, the West Coast of North America, and Bjeheond. Its speakers almost always also speak English; Modern Standard Latin, Irish and Nyvierfusiez are also widely understood in Majorca. Majorcans are predominantly Catholic; some are Remonitionists or Muslims. Education in Majorca is conducted in Majorcan and English up to secondary school level, and higher education is taught in English.
 
Irish loanwords, called ''clèm Ȝagmìje'' (from ''{{ayin}}aǧamiyya'' 'foreign' → 'Irish', maqām ʕaǧam in Irta also comes from Irish music), comprise over half of Majorcan vocabulary. Besides Irish, Majorcan has borrowed from French, [[Hyperfrench|Nyvierfusiez]] and English. Some Irish vocabulary in Majorcan, called ''Nùa-Ȝagmìje'' 'neo-<i>Ȝagmìje</i>', are in fact coinages by Majorcans. It's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence ([[Knench]] is more Azalic-influenced, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers). Majorcan is somewhat mutually intelligible with many Irta Neo-Arabic languages.
 
The main motivation for Majorcan is aesthetic similarities between Irish and Arabic, including:
* vowel length, in a rough framework of 5 vowel qualities /a e i o u/
* lack (Arabic) or rarity (Irish) of /p/ in native vocabulary
* many fricative consonant phonemes
* intervocalic /h/ and clusters with /h/
* a kind of "broad/slender" distinction in consonants (emphatic/nonemphatic in Arabic, velarized/palatalized in Irish)
* vowel reduction and syncope in both Maghrebi Arabic and Irish
* weight-sensitive stress in both Munster Irish and Arabic
* suffixes such as -án, -ín, -í
 
== todo ==
Some vowel initial masculine nouns in Irish are borrowed with t-/T-
 
When does ʔimālah happen?
 
Formalize emphasis spreading
 
False friends between Majorcan, Irish and Ăn Yidiș
 
Move to a fictional volcanic hotspot to the northwest of Spain?
 
== History ==
In Irta, the Balearic Islands was ruled by Muslim Arabs since the 10th century. An Irish clan took control of the islands by the 11th century, and established a vassal state of an Irta Medieval Irish kingdom which lasted until the 17th century when the Irta English Order of ___ took over. Majorca gained independence from the Irta English in 1940.
 
Majorca briefly occupied Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma).
 
The Irish vocabulary in Majorcan reflects a fictional Middle Irish dialect which shows features of modern Munster Irish and our timeline's Scottish Gaelic; it was conservative in that broad dh (> Majorcan /zʶ/) was kept distinct from broad gh (> Majorcan /ʁ/). /a:/ was backed to [ɑ:] after broad consonants, explaining why Irish broad ''s'' and ''d'' were heard as /sˁ/ and /tˁ⁼/ by the Arabic speakers.
 
The first surviving text in Majorcan is dated to 1515.
 
Majorcan is an isolate within Irtan Arabic; it evolved from [[Majorcan/Proto|Proto-Majorcan]], a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:
* ''qāf'' and ''ṭāʔ'' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
* ''þāʔ'' and ''{{đ}}āl'' are retained.
* ''ẓāʔ'' and ''ḍād'' are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
* ''jīm'' is [ɟ~g].
* has imāla after nonemphatics
** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
*** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
** Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
* C(+emph)C(-emph)C(+emph) root > C(+emph)C(+emph)C(+emph) root
 
One Englishism: ''mā́nduhš Gújjə xuG'' = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Majorcanism in Irta English which shows up in Pacific English and a few British dialects but not in Quelftonian English)
 
== Place names ==
* Doonancole (''Dùn an Ċoill'', Ir. 'fort of the hazel') is a major city; an inhabitant of Dùn an Ċoill is called a ''Dùnaì'' in Majorcan.
 
== Figures ==
* Peadar Budigēgı (''Peadar Buddigèg'') is an Irta Irish politician.
* Dilen el Bejz{{cll}}àvì: speculative evolution worldbuilder
** Bejz{{cll}}a is an Irta Majorcan town
* Cìara ed{{cll}} Dùnaìje: ''γannèje''
* Caoiṁe ed{{cll}} Dùnaìje: violinist
* Fz{{cll}}ùlì el Aransì
* Γanè Ẕammèd: President of Majorca
 
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
* vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/
Majorcan has an almost complete set of pairs of emphatic (''leat{{cda}}an{{cll}}'' ['læ{{heth}}{{lowered}}ən{{den}}{{uvu}}], Ir. 'broad') and nonemphatic (''caol{{cll}}'' [q&#799;ɪ:l{{den}}{{uvu}}], Ir. 'slender') consonants, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became /d{{uvu}} z{{uvu}} s{{uvu}} z{{uvu}} ɢ/) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. Irish broad and slender consonants are usually borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively. For referring to Majorcan we will use emphatic and broad, and nonemphatic and slender, as synonyms, as well as terms like "broadness spreading" and "slenderization".
* consonants: {{angbr|''q m k r''}} /ʔ m k ɾ/
 
* tones: {{angbr|''-b -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/
Arabic /θ/ and /ð/ become Majorcan /d/ and /z/.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Consonant phonemes in Majorcan
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>uvularized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>uvularized</small>
! <small>prevelar</small>
! <small>preuvular</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| m || mʶ
| n̪ || n̪ʶ
|
| [ŋ˖]
| [ɴ&#799;]
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>aspirated</small>
| pʰ || pʶʰ
| t̪ʰ || t̪ʶʰ
|
| k&#799;ʰ
| q&#799;ʰ
|
|-
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| b ||  bʶ
| d̪
| d̪ʶ
|
| ɡ˖
|colspan=2| ɢ&#799;~ʔʶ
|-
!rowspan="2"|Continuant
!<small>voiceless</small>
|| f || fʶ
|| s{{den}}
|| s{{den}}ʶ
|| ʃ
| x&#799;
||  χ˖
||  h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
||  v~β&#798; || vʶ~wʶ
||  z{{den}} 
||  z{{den}}ʶ
| ʒ
||  j
|| ʁ&#799;
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| || 
||  r
||  rʶ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Lateral
| ||
|| l || l̪ʶ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
Allophones or marginal phonemes include [hʶ] and [ʂʶ]; this article won't reflect these.
 
* [ŋ&#799; ɴ&#799;] occur as allophones of /n̪ n̪ʶ/ before dorsal stops. For speakers that realize /ɢ/ as a glottal stop, a preceding /n{{uvu}}/ is often realized as nasalization and lengthening of the preceding vowel.
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weakly fricated [ħ]) before or after /ɑ/ or /æ/.
* "Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops may be weakly voiced (as in German and Irish) or completely devoiced (as in Icelandic). Voiced stops are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant: ''nectbw'' [ˈnɛk&#799;ʰtʲʰp⁼ü] 'we will write'. Voiceless stops are also slightly longer than voiced ones. Voiced geminate stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated. Geminated and word-final aspirated stops are preglottalized. Word-final geminates surface as compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Irish and Hebrew).
* Emphatic consonants have the feature +RTR (retracted tongue root). Emphatic unaspirated stops tend to be less voiced than their nonemphatic counterparts; /ɢ&#799;/ is particularly prone to devoicing.
* Preuvular consonants are halfway between velar and uvular for most speakers but are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common for older speakers. /ɢ&#799;/ in contemporary urban Majorcan is turning into [ʔʶ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic ''q''), even affecting Irish loans: ''teanga'' 'language' and ''guid{{cda}}e'' 'prayer' are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰænʶʔʶʌ] and [ˈʔʶʊ{{ret}}jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of Irta's Arab world bringing the glottal stop reflex of Arabic ''q''.
* /r/ is a lamino-alveolar or dental trill or flap. It is often pronounced as Czech ''ř'' or as [ʒ] by younger speakers.
* /rʶ/ may be realized as [ɾʶ] or [ɹʷʶ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r.
* t d T D n N L s S are lamino-dental.
* Nonemphatic consonants (except /v h/) are allophonically palatalized in pausal position. /t d n l/ become laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ d̻ʲ n̻ʲ lʲ] when allophonically palatalized. Allophonic palatalization of nonemphatic consonants also occurs when said consonant is next to a prevelar consonant (one of /k&#799; g&#799; x&#799; j/): e.g. ''ħacme'' [ˈħ{{lowered}}æk&#799;ʰmʲə] 'rule'. This also affects /v/ ''after'' a prevelar, e.g. ''gvèr'' [g&#799;vʲe:r] 'about, concerning'.
* Emphatic consonants are less strongly uvularized and more velarized in pause, for speakers that uvularize emphatics.
* /j/ is vocalized to [ɪ] in word-initial position before a consonant.
* /v vʶ/ vocalize to [β̞ ~ẅ w{{uvu}}] when not before a vowel.
 
unasp stop + h > asp stop
 
asp stop + h > geminated asp stop
 
=== Vowels ===
Majorcan is usually analyzed as having 5 short monophthongs, 5 long monophthongs, and 4 diphthongs (not counting vowel + semivowel sequences) in stressed syllables. Some non-exhaustive common spellings for the vowels are given. Sometimes [æ] and [ɑ] (and their long counterparts) are analyzed as distinct phonemes, however this distinction is marginal.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ {{PAGENAME}} stressed vowel phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Cemtral
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ì''' /iː/
|
|
| '''w, u(i), io''' /ü~ʊ/
| '''ẁ, ù(i)''' /üː~uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''è''' /eː/
|
|
| '''(e)o(i)''' /ɔ/
| '''(e)ò(i)''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ea, ȝa''' [æ]
| '''eà(i), ȝà''' [ä:~æː]
| /a/
| /aː/
| '''a(i)''' [ɑ]
| '''à(i)''' [ɑː]
|}
Opening diphthongs: /eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ/
* feg{{cll}}g{{cll}}èȝ /fəˈʔʶeɐ/ 'mushrooms'
* g{{cll}}uħd{{cll}}a /'ʔʶoɐhdʶə/ ['ʔʶoɐħ{{lowered}}t{{den}}ʶʌ] 'scarcity'
* lìaṫ /liɐh/ [liɐħ{{lowered}}] 'gray'
* rùħ /rʶuɐh/ [rʶʊɐħ{{lowered}}] 'self, soul'
 
Reduced vowels: /ə ɐ ɪ ü/
 
a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
 
o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
 
i is [ɪ&#799;] after nonemphatics, [ɪ̈] after emphatics
 
u is [ü] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
 
/əj əv əvʶ/ is [ɛ̈j ə&#799;ẅ ɛ̈wʶ] after nonemphatics, [ɑj ɑẅ ɑwʶ] after emphatics (merging with /æj æw æwʶ/ after emphatics)
 
ea oa ia ua [eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ] result from CA (stressed) i u ī ū + pharyngeal consonant; some ia ua also come from Old Irish ía úa
 
unstressed a (IPA phonetic transcription /ɐ/) is similar to stressed a and result from Arabic 3ayn adjacent to an unstressed vowel;
 
unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ə&#799;] after a nonemphatic and before a
 
3i 3ī 3u 3ū > aj aj aw aw
 
/C[emphatic]ə/ and unstressed /C[emphatic]ɐ/ merge for younger speakers; the vowel becomes [ɑ~ʌ].
 
/æ/ is spelled ea or (ȝ/ħ)a; /æ:/ is spelled eà or (ȝ/ħ)à
==== Reduction ====
Orthographic long vowels (à, eà, è, ì, ò, ù, w`) odd-numbered distances away from stress shorten: ''dùilìjèṫ'' 'elements' is /d{{uvu}}u:li'je:h/
 
* ì shortens to /i/
* è/eà/à shorten to /ə/ or /i/ (-> /i/ between most nonemphatic_nonemphatic)
* ù and ẁ shorten to /u/
* ò shortens to /o/
 
=== Stress ===
Weight-sensitive (inherited from Arabic). A V rime is one mora, VC and V: are two morae, and VCC and V:C are three.
 
To determine stress, drop the final mora, and assign stress to the last heavy syllable (i.e. with more than 1 mora). In ''Ȝagmì'' words, ''nn ll rr'' in unstressed syllables may attract stress: ''fìrinne'' /fɪˈrɪn:ə/ 'truth'. Irish ''ṁ ḃ'' in an originally unstressed syllable are borrowed as underlying geminate /v({{uvu}})/ which also attracts stress: ''ofigeṁail'' /ɔfɪˈɟɛwʶwʶəl/ 'official'.
 
=== Minimal pairs/Things to investigate ===
==== Emphatic vs nonemphatic ====
Common for Irish sg vs pl
* levn (ləwn) 'color'; lòn (LəWN) 'lunch'
* n vs N: ''nehr'' 'river', ''nathair'' 'snake' (near-minimal pair); ''rùn{{cll}}'' 'secret', ''rùin'' 'secrets'
* r vs R: final CA r becomes R in verbs and r in nouns and adjectives (because of genitive -i)
** ''ȝas̱r'' 'vespers', ''ȝas̱r{{cll}}'' 'squeeze.VN'
* f vs F?
* m vs M?
* b vs B?
* p vs P?
 
==== Vowels ====
* [æ] and [ɑ] are distinctive in vowel-initial words and after /h/ (from Arabic a/Irish ea vs Irish a)
* /æ:/ vs /ɒ:/: *ā after emphatic + hamza cluster (e.g. ''G{{cll}}ur{{cll}}{{2}}eàn'')?
* /e:/ vs /æ:/: find an example of *ā vs 3ayn colored *a
* /ɛ/ vs /æ/?
 
=== Archiphonemes ===
* Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
* Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable
* Classical Arabic stressed /a/ becomes:
** If NOT next to a pharyngeal: /ɑ/ ''a'' after emphatic, /æ/ ''ea'' before emphatic but after nonemphatic, /ɛ/ ''e'' otherwise
** IF next to a pharyngeal: /ɑ/ after emphatic, /æ/ otherwise
 
=== Emphasis spreading ===
Occurs for affixes that are not marked for emphasis (from originally nonemphatic consonants). A stressed onset being emphatic will result in the corresponding prefixes being emphatic and a stressed coda being emphatic will result in suffixes being emphatic.
 
(The VN suffix ''-əXəZ'' is an exception since it ''is'' marked for emphasis)
 
=== Intonation ===
As Irishy as Maltese intonation is Italian
 
== Orthography ==
=== Latin ===
In Majorca, Majorcan uses a Roman orthography which adopted changes to more faithfully reflect Arabic in the spelling of native vocabulary. Like many orthographies used in Irta, Majorcan orthography is based on the principles of etymological spelling and enabling many-to-one reading, with the latter taking precedence. In Gaelic type for Majorcan, the underline diacritic is rendered as slightly slanted horizontal strokes under the letter.
 
Majorcans handwrite lowercase i and j without dots.
 
Emphatics denoted with underline
 
etymological a/ai/e/i for schwa in Irish loanwords
 
native vowels are written as palatalizing to be able to use different broadening strategies for Arabic and Irish vocab
 
* /æ/ is spelled ea or (ȝ/ħ)a; /æ:/ is spelled eà or (ȝ/ħ)à
* /ɑ/ is spelled a (not after pharyngeal); /ɑ:/ is spelled à
 
''o'' and ''ò'' always uvularize a preceding consonant. The corresponding slender spellings are ''eo'' and ''eò''.
==== Alphabet ====
# Aa: ''à''
# Bb: ''bè''
# Cc: ''cèf''
# Dd: ''dèl''
# Ee: ''è''
# Ff: ''fè''
# Gg: ''gìm''
# {{big3}}{{3}}: ''{{3}}ajn''
# Γγ: ''γajn''
# Hh: ''hè''
# Ħħ: ''{{heth}}à'' /hæ:/
# Xx: ''xà''
# Ii: ''ì''
# Jj: ''jè''
# Ll: ''lèm''
# Mm: ''mìm''
# Nn: ''nẁn''
# Oo: ''ò''
# Pp: ''pè''
# Rr: ''rè''
# Ss: ''sìn''
# {{bigsīn}}{{sīn}}: ''{{sīn}}ìn''
# Tt: ''tè''
# Ww: ''ẁ''
# Uu: ''ù leat{{cda}}an{{cll}}''
# Vv: ''vèv''
# Zz: ''zejn''
# Grave accent: ''fada''
# Underline: ''leat{{cda}}nàn''
# Lenition dot on b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t: ''sèim{{cda}}ec{{cda}}ad{{cda}}''
 
==== Spelling native consonants ====
(corresponding to underlying phonemes not realization)
* bā2 = b be bi bw beà bè bì bẁ bej bev
* tā2 = t te ti tw teà tè tì tẁ tej tev
* jīm = g ge gi gw geà gè gì gẁ gej gev
* Hā2 = ħ ħa ħi ħu ħà ħì ħù ħaj ħav (letter name: {{heth}}à{{2}})
* khā2 = x xa xi xu xà xì xù xaj xav (letter name: xà{{2}})
* dāl, þā2 = d de di dw dè dì dẁ dej dev
* Rā2 = (r, like khā2)
* zāy, ðāl = (z, like bā2)
* sīn = ɯ ɯe ɯi ɯw ɯè ɯì ɯẁ ɯej ɯev (letter name: ''{{sīn}}ìn'')
* šīn = s se si sw sè sì sẁ sej sev
* Sād = (s{{cll}}, like khā2)
* Dād, Zā2 = (z{{cll}}, like khā2)
* Tā2 = (d{{cll}}, like khā2)
* 3ayn = {{3}} {{3}}a {{3}}i {{3}}u {{3}}à {{3}}ì {{3}}ù {{3}}aj {{3}}av (letter name: {{3}}ajn)
* ghayn = (γ, like khā2) (letter name: γajn)
* fā2 = (f, like bā2)
* qāf = (ǥ, like khā2)
* kāf = (c, like bā2)
* lām = (l, like bā2)
* mīm = (m, like bā2)
* nūn = (n, like bā2)
* hā2 = (h, like bā2)
* wāw = (v, like bā2)
* yā2 = (j, like bā2)
 
==== Spelling Irish loans ====
Similar to our pre-reform Irish orthography, with lenition dots, and grave instead of acute
 
Irish loans that are inflected using Semitic morphology such as broken plurals are spelled as if native.
 
Consonants in Irish loans generally have the same value as in "carefully-read Irish", i.e. with no vowel contractions from V[semivowel]V. The values are the closest Majorcan equivalents to the Irish consonants, with broad and slender becoming emphatic and nonemphatic, except:
* broad ''d{{cda}}'' = /z{{uvu}}/
* ''nn ll rr'' actually are geminates. Word-finally they compensatorily lengthen the preceding vowel, just as native word-final geminates do.
* ''b{{cda}} m{{cda}}'' as well as slender ''d{{cda}} g{{cda}}'' may become geminates after an unstressed vowel.
Final broad consonants require the ''leaṫnàn'' unless they have a lenition dot.
 
Examples:
* ''sgàṫàn'' [s{{uvu}}ʔʶʌˈ{{heth}}{{lowered}}æːnʲ] 'mirror'
 
=== Arabic ===
التَنقة ميورية
 
Sufi and Trician Majorcans use an adapted Arabic script devised by the Majorcan Sufi writer ___. The orthography uses invented letters and vowel diacritics made from Latin shapes (especially from Gaelic type) and Ogham for Majorcan consonants and vowels that don't exist in Arabic.
 
Final schwa is written as TM, alif or alif maqSūra (possibly with hamza) depending on the Arabic etymology. In Irish loans:
* feminine noun and plural adjective marker: TM
* In Irish plural noun markers: alif
* Irish passive participles: alif. The /h/ in the -tha/-the allomorph may be written as __ to avoid confusion with native ''-he'' (3fs suffix), a case of nonfinal TM.
 
3ayn is used for diphthongs ending in /ɐ/ in loanwords, e.g. كْلاب ليعهة ''clèb lìaṫa'' [k&#799;ʰlʲeːb lʲiɐħ{{lowered}}ə] 'gray dogs'
 
agus{{cll}} written ٦ُ ?


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
Most Rwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem:
* èn(e), int(i), hw`/hwve, hì/hije, aħn(e), intwm, hwm(e); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
* ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside
** In subject position, ''mir'' is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak
* object pronouns: ìje, ìc, ìjwh, ìhe, ìne, ìcwm, ìhwm (ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nə, ī́kum, ī́hum) (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-, the *-āt- is also found in the  kămot- combining form for Heb kămo 'like')
* ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear
** object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
* ''qw'''t'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see
** ''Ritcellim mir gil es{{cll}}-S{{cll}}ìn ìhe'' (''ritkéllim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə'') = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat
* ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink


Only a few roots are bitonal, such as ''qwxkwj'' 'to be' and ''qwskws'' 'to go'.
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''pwbkwx'' 'bird', ''pwbkwxqoob'' 'birds'.
|+ Noun declension classes
=== Verbs ===
! || unmarked || marked feminine singular || sound masculine plural || sound feminine plural || schwa plural
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Infinitive: ''qwlmwlrwd'' 'to sleep'
! absolute
| ''-'' || ''-e'' or ''-a'' || ''-ìn'' || ''-èt{{cda}}'' or ''-àt{{cda}}'' || ''-e'' or ''-a''
|-
! construct
| generally unchanged || ''-et'' or ''-at{{cll}}'' || ''-ì'' || ''-èt'' or ''-àt'' || unchanged
|}
"Unmarked" includes unmarked singulars, native broken plurals, and Irish plurals that do not end in ''-e'' or ''-a''.
 
Some unsuffixed nouns have marked constructs:
* CavC → CuC; CevC → CwC; CajC, CejC → CiC (jevm → jwm)
Plurals directly borrowed from Irish do not have marked constructs
 
nisba nouns (both native and from Irish -(a)iḋ): -(a)ì -(a)ìn (-i -ī́n), f. -(a)ìje -(a)ìjèṫ (-ījə -ijḗh)
 
emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
* ''guiḋe'' (Gújjə) 'prayer', ''guiḋeti'' (Gújjiti) 'my prayer'; ''guiḋetwh'' (Gujjituh) 'his prayer', ''guiḋèṫ'' (Gujjḗh) 'prayers'
* ''teanga'' (táNGə) 'language', ''teangatai'' (táNGəTi) 'my language'; ''teangatuh'' (táNGəTuh) 'his language'; ''teangaḋ'' (taNGəZ) 'languages'
* ''wxt{{cll}}'' (f.) 'sister', ''wxtai'' 'my sister', etc.
 
In post-independence Majorcan, ''el{{cll}}-guiḋe g{{cll}}av{{cll}}v{{cll}}i'' (''əL-Gújjə GáWWi'') is more common
 
todo: broken plurals
 
article ''eC'' before sun letters (''consain semsìje, KóNSin šəmšī́jə''); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž
* ''ed{{cll}} dùile'' (əD-Dūlə) 'the element'
* ''ed dèr'' (əd-dēr) 'the house'
* ''et{{cll}} t{{cll}}ifl'' (əT-Tífil) 'the boy'
* ''et twffèħa'' (ət-tuffeahə) 'the apple'
* ''es{{cll}} s{{cll}}ajf'' (əS-Sajf) 'summer'
** before broad ''s{{cll}}b, s{{cll}}d, s{{cll}}g, s{{cll}}m'', the definite article is ''el{{cll}}'': ''el{{cll}} s{{cll}}mac{{cda}}t{{cll}}'' 'control, authority'
* ''eɯ ɯene'' (əs-sénə) 'the year'
* ''ez{{cll}} z{{cll}}uhr'' (əZ-Zúhər) 'noon'
* ''ez zeȝrùl'' (əz-zaRū́l) 'the hawthorn'
* ''er{{cll}} Ranz{{cll}}àn'' (əR-RəNZān) 'Lent'
* ''er rìġ'' (ər-rī) 'the king'
* ''el{{cll}} luas{{cll}}'' (əL-LuaS) 'the speed'
* ''el levz'' (əl-ləwz) 'the almond'
* ''en{{cll}} naṫair'' (əN-Náhər) 'the snake'
* ''en nèr'' (ən-nēr) 'the fire'
* ''es sems'' (əš-šemš) 'the sun'
** before ''sb, sd, sg, sm'' the definite article is ''el''
* ''ež zwhneàl'' (əž-žuhnā́l) 'the journal'
 
Before moon letters (''consain ǥamrìje, KóNSin Gəmrī́jə''), the article is ''el{{cll}}'' before emphatic consonants and ''el'' before nonemphatic ones (including š, ž, h null).
 
==== Pluralization ====
For learned and semi-learned Irish borrowings (mainly for inanimates):
* Most first- and fifth-declension nouns essentially use their Irish plurals
* Nouns ending in ''-a'' or ''-e'' take a plural in ''-(a)iḋèṫ'', ''-èṫ'', or ''-àṫ'', use the Irish genitive plural form (which is broadened and drops the ''-a''/''-e''), or use a native broken plural.
* Other nouns that have an ''-(a)iḋe'' (modern ''-(a)í'') plural in Irish pluralize in ''-(a)iḋèṫ''
* Other nouns that have no ''-a'' or ''-e'' use an Irish strong plural: ''-a'', ''-ta'', ''-ṫa/-ṫe'', or ''-aḋ/-eḋ''.
* agentives in ''-(a)iḋe'' are borrowed as nisba ''-(a)ì'' and are pluralized accordingly: e.g. ''Crìs{{cll}}daì'' 'Christian (m.)' or ''Crìs{{cll}}daìje'' (f.), from ''Críostaiḋe''. The plurals are ''Crìs{{cll}}daìn'' and ''Crìs{{cll}}daìjèt{{cda}}''.
Nativized Irish loans often use broken plurals: e.g. ''f{{cll}}az{{cll}}b{{cll}}'' 'knot' (from ''fod{{cda}}b'') has plural ''f{{cll}}z{{cll}}ùb{{cll}}'' or ''f{{cll}}z{{cll}}àb{{cll}}''.
 
==== Possessive suffixes ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
! If construct ends in... || slender C || broad C || stressed vowel || schwa
|-
|-
! Do the following
! Person !! Non-past !! Past
! colspan=3| append || change schwa to
|-
|-
! 1sg  
! 1sg  
|| ''-i'' || ''-i'', ''-ai'' for broadened ''tā{{aleph}} marbūṭah'' or Irish loans || ''-je'' || ''-ejje'', ''-ajje''
|| ''qoolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox''
|-
|-
! 2sg
! 2sg  
|| ''-ic'' || ''-ac{{cll}}'' || ''-c'' || ''-èc'', ''-aèc''
|| ''koolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt''
|-
|-
! 3sg.m
! 3sg  
|| ''-wh'' || ''-uh'' || ''-h'' || ''-èh'', ''-aèh''
|| ''roolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood''
|-
|-
! 3sg.f
! 1pl
|| ''-he'' || ''-ha'' || ''-he'' || ''-èhe'', ''-aèhe''
|| ''qoolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov''
|-
|-
! 1pl
! 2pl
|| ''-ne'' || ''-na'' || ''-ne'' || ''-ène'', ''-aène''
|| ''koolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov''
|-
|-
! 2pl
! 3pl
|| ''-cwm'' || ''-cum{{cll}}'' || ''-cwm'' || ''-ècwm'', ''-aècwm''
|| ''roolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj''
|-
|-
! 3pl
! Participle
|| ''-hwm'' || ''-hum{{cll}}'' || ''-hwm'' || ''-èhwm'', ''-aèhwm''
|colspan=2| ''moolmwlrwd''
|}
 
==== Gender of Irish loan nouns ====
The following heuristics are useful for guessing the gender of Majorcan ''inanimate'' nouns of Irish origin:
# Singular nouns that have ''-a/-e'' in the nominative are always feminine.
#* Example: ''teanga'' 'language'
# Certain classes such as country names are always feminine.
#* Example: ''er{{cll}} F{{cda}}rainc'' 'France'
# Most Irish nouns that take ''-e'' or ''-a'' in the genitive singular become feminine and are borrowed in their genitive singular forms.
#* Example: ''creic{{cda}}e'' 'booty, prey' (gen. sg. of ''creach'')
# Most ''-t'' and ''-t{{cll}}'' nouns become feminine and are borrowed in their nominative singular forms, sometimes with lenition.
#* Example: ''s{{cll}}mac{{cda}}t{{cll}}'' 'violence, force, authority'
# Most other inanimate Irish nouns become masculine and are borrowed in their nominative singular forms.
#* Example: ''gnè'' 'property, feature'
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence. Adjectives never agree in definiteness, like in Irish but unlike in Arabic.
 
Most native non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. ''-a/e'', pl. ''-a/e''. Nisba adjectives decline as ''-ì, -ìje, -ìje'' (-i -ī́jə -ī́jə). All adjectives have an ''-a/-e'' plural; this comes from Arabic broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural ''-a/-e'' for adjectives.
 
Most loan adjectives have unmarked feminine singular forms. For loan adjectives, the emphaticness of the plural may differ from the m.sg.: ''oifigem{{cda}}ail'' /ofi'g&#799;ew{{uvu}}:ə'''l'''/ (m. and f.sg), ''oifigemala'' /ofi'g&#799;ew{{uvu}}'''l{{uvu}}'''ə/ (pl) 'official'.
 
Color and defect adjectives follow a different declension: ''aħmir'' 'red' has f.sg. and pl. ''ħamre''. Color adjectives from Irish do use the plural form as the feminine singular: ''celb lìaṫ'' /cɛlb liɐh/ 'a gray dog', ''moȝze liaṫ'''a''''' /moɐzə liɐhə/ 'a gray goat'.
 
Adverbs formed from adjectives use ''cel-/cel{{cll}}-'' (moon) or ''ceC-'' (sun) followed by the masculine sg. form of the adjective. An alternative construction for adverbs, common in written language, is ''be treò'' [ADJ.m.sg] or ''be sliġe'' /bəʃliːjə/ [ADJ.f.sg], from ''be'' 'instrumental' + Irish ''treo'' 'direction'/''sliġe'' 'way'.
 
In adjectives ending in non-emphatic ''r'' in the masculine form, the feminine and plural form takes emphatic ''R'': ''g{{cll}}as{{cll}}ìr'' (''GəSī́r'') 'short (m.sg.)', ''g{{cll}}as{{cll}}ìra'' (''GəSī́Rə'') 'short (f.sg. or pl.)'.
 
Degree:
* ''veaxra'' 'a lot' / ''mejl'' 'very', ''eacder'' 'more', ''el eacder'' 'most'
* ''ftìt'' 'few, little, not very', ''eang{{cll}}as{{cll}}'' 'less', ''el eang{{cll}}as{{cll}}'' 'least'
 
=== Verbs ===
A Majorcan regular verb has five principal parts:
# past 3sg.m
# future 3sg.m
# imperative sg
# passive participle
# verbal noun
 
As in our Neo-Arabic, the passive is formed by using verb stems that have ''n-'' or ''t-''.
 
Verbal nouns, inherited from Arabic, are used for Irish-style tense constructions:
* the present is formed by using ''fi'' 'in, at' + verbal noun. This has displaced the Arabic nonpast forms from the present tense, and the inherited Arabic nonpast is now used for the future and subjunctive. (A similar process occurred in Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Hebrew.)
* the perfect is formed with ''be{{3}}d'' 'after' + verbal noun
* Modals still use the nonpast form like in Arabic: ''Pràinn tgìbw airetcwm!'' 'You really need to watch out!'
TAMs (for non-stative verbs):
* Present: ''èn fi cetb'' 'I write; I am writing', ''èn fi cetbwh'' 'I am writing it'
* Present habitual: ''ncw&#768;n fi cetb'' 'I usually write'
* Past or conditional: ''ctebtin'' 'I wrote'
* Past or conditional imperfect: ''cwntin fi cetb'' 'I was writing'
* Future or subjunctive: ''nectib'' 'I will write; that I write'
* Present perfect: ''èn beȝd ctib '' 'I have written'
* Imperative: ''wctib!'' 'write!'
TAMs for stative verbs:
* Non-past: ''n{{heth}}ebb'' 'I like; I will like'
* Past or conditional: ''{{heth}}abbejtin'' 'I liked'
 
negative ''mè ... s'' sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''mè radṁaiġ hw s'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''mè radṁaiġ s Sèmas{{cll}}'' 'Sèmas̱ did not admit' for noun subjects. However, ''mè radṁaiġ s'' is used for answering questions.
 
Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
 
Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the preverb ro-/re-/ri- (pronounced /rə-/ or /r{{uvu}}ə-/ depending on the first consonant; from Middle Irish ro, from the Old Irish perfect preverb) in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r. Adding the Irish preverb ''ro'' to native verbs was at first an affected hyper-Hibernism used by the middle class, and even today some conservative dialects only use rə-/də- in the past tense when the verb is affirmative:
 
: ''– El{{cll}} g{{cll}}addi{{sīn}} Calum{{cll}} eljevm? – Mè g{{cll}}addi{{sīn}} s.'' (Standard ''Er{{cll}} rog{{cll}}addi{{sīn}}...? Mè rog{{cll}}addi{{sīn}} s.'')
: – Did Calum{{cll}} attend Mass today? – He did not.
 
kətábtēn/kətábbint came from kətábt ēnə/int. the -t in kətábt int wanted to dissimilate from the t in int, so it assimilated to the last root consonant.
 
The prohibitive is formed by using ''lè'' + imperative.
 
For prefix + native verbs, native conjugation works as normal and preverbs and personal prefixes are added before the prefix, e.g. ''raṫ{{sīn}}emme, jaṫ{{sīn}}emmi, maṫ{{sīn}}emmi, aṫti{{sīn}}mìje'' 'to rename'.
 
==== Inherited 3-consonant verbs ====
===== Stem I (cetib) =====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''cetib'' 'he wrote' (Arabic ''kataba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''ctebtin''
| ''ctebbint''
| ''cetib hw''
| ''cetbet hi''
| ''ctebne''
| ''ctebtwm, ctebbintwm''
| ''cetbw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nectib''
| ''tectib''
| ''jectib hw''
| ''tectib hi''
| ''nectbw''
| ''tectbw''
| ''jectbw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''wctib!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''wctbw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mictẁb''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! Infinitive
|colspan=7| ''cetb''
|colspan=2| ''qwlmwlrwd''
|}
|}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''sear{{cll}}ab{{cll}}'' 'he drank' (Arabic ''šaraba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''sr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}t{{cll}}in''
| ''sr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}b{{cll}}int''
| ''sear{{cll}}ab{{cll}} hw''
| ''sear{{cll}}b{{cll}}at{{cll}} hi''
| ''sr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}na''
| ''sr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}tum''
| ''sear{{cll}}b{{cll}}u hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nesr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}''
| ''tesr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}''
| ''jesr{{cll}}ab{{cll}} hw''
| ''tesr{{cll}}ab{{cll}} hi''
| ''neser{{cll}}b{{cll}}u''
| ''teser{{cll}}b{{cll}}u''
| ''jeser{{cll}}b{{cll}}u''
 
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''wsr{{cll}}ab{{cll}}!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''wser{{cll}}b{{cll}}u!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mesr{{cll}}ùb{{cll}}''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''swRB''
|}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, III-y: ''bene'' 'he built' (Arabic ''*banē'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''bnejtin''
| ''bnejtint''
| ''bene hw''
| ''benet hi''
| ''bnejne''
| ''bnejtwm, bnejtintwm''
| ''benev hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nebni''
| ''tebni''
| ''jebni hw''
| ''tebni hi''
| ''nebnw ''
| ''tebnw ''
| ''jebnw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''wbni!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''wbnw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mibnìj''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''binje''
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, II-w: ''meàt'' 'he died' (Proto-Arabic ''*mawita'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''mwttin''
| ''mwttint''
| ''meàt hw''
| ''meàtet hi''
| ''mwtne''
| ''mwttwm, mwttintwm''
| ''meàtw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nmw&#768;t''
| ''tmw&#768;t''
| ''jmw&#768;t hw''
| ''tmw&#768;t hi''
| ''nmw&#768;tw ''
| ''tmw&#768;tw ''
| ''jmw&#768;tw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''mw&#768;t!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''mw&#768;tw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mmw&#768;t''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''mevt''
|}
(One can also use the expression ''vegid mevt'' (lit. find/suffer death), in Irta Irish ''faigh bás'' is a calque of this)
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, II-y: ''xèn'' 'he cheated, betrayed' (Arabic ''*xayVna'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''xintin''
| ''xinnint''
| ''xèn hu''
| ''xènet hi''
| ''xinne''
| ''xintwm, xinnintwm''
| ''xènw hum''
|-
! future
| ''nxìn''
| ''txìn''
| ''jxìn hw''
| ''txìn hi''
| ''nxìnw''
| ''txìnw''
| ''jxìnw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''xìn!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''xìnw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mxùn''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''xajn''
|}
 
===== Stem II (recettib) =====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem II verb conjugation: ''rog{{cll}}addiɯ'' 'he sanctified; he attended Mass' (Arabic ''qaddasa'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rog{{cll}}addeɯtin''
| ''rog{{cll}}addeɯɯint''
| ''rog{{cll}}addiɯ hw''
| ''rog{{cll}}addɯet hi''
| ''rog{{cll}}addeɯne''
| ''rog{{cll}}addeɯ(ɯint)wm''
| ''rog{{cll}}addɯw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''ng{{cll}}addiɯ''
| ''tg{{cll}}addiɯ''
| ''jg{{cll}}addiɯ hu''
| ''tg{{cll}}addiɯ hi''
| ''ng{{cll}}addɯw''
| ''tg{{cll}}addɯw''
| ''jg{{cll}}addɯw hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''g{{cll}}addiɯ!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''g{{cll}}addɯw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mg{{cll}}addiɯ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''teg{{cll}}dìɯ''
|}
 
===== Stem III (recètib) =====
 
===== Stem IV (ectib) =====
Early loan verbs beginning with a consonant cluster fall into this conjugation (cf. some Modern Hebrew loan verbs like ''hiklík''). Stem IV is no longer productive.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem IV verb conjugation: ''ecrid'' 'he believed'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''ecridtin''
| ''ecriddint''
| ''ecrid&nbsp;hw''
| ''ecerdet&nbsp;hi''
| ''ecridne''
| ''ecridtwm, ecriddintwm''
| ''ecerdw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nwcrid''
| ''twcrid''
| ''jwcrid hw''
| ''twcrid hi''
| ''nwcerdw''
| ''twcerdw''
| ''jwcirdw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''wcrid!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''wcerdw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mwcrid''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''icrèd''
|}
 
===== Stem V (ritcettib) =====
Mediopassive for stem II
 
The ''t'' assimilates before coronal obstruents.
 
===== Stem VI (ritcètib) =====
Mediopassive for ''cètib''
 
The ''t'' assimilates before coronal obstruents.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem X verb conjugation: ''ritvèlid'' 'he was born'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''ritvèledtin''
| ''ritvèleddint''
| ''ritvèlid hw''
| ''ritvèldet hi''
| ''ritvèledne''
| ''ritvèled(din)twm''
| ''ritvèldw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nitvèlid''
| ''titvèlid''
| ''jitvèlid hw''
| ''titvèlid hi''
| ''nitvèldw''
| ''titvèldw''
| ''jitvèldw hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''tvèlid!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tvèldw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mitvèlid''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''tvèlde''
|}
 
===== Stem VII (rintectib) =====
used as mediopassive for ''cetib'' and ''ectib''
 
===== Stem VIII (rictetib) =====
 
===== Stem X (riɯtectib) =====
 
==== 4-consonant roots ====
usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ rəCaCCəC verb conjugation: ''riteargem'' 'he translated, interpreted' (Arabic ''tarjama'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''ritergemtin''
| ''ritergemmint''
| ''riteargem hw''
| ''riteargmit hi''
| ''ritergemne ''
| ''ritergemtwm, ritergemmintwm''
| ''riteargmw hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nteargem ''
| ''tteargem ''
| ''jteargem hw''
| ''tteargem hi''
| ''nteargmw''
| ''tteargmw''
| ''jteargmw hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''teargem!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''teargmw!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mitteargem''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''teargmeċaḋ'' (f)
|}
 
==== Irish 1st-conjugation verbs ====
These verbs are mostly borrowed in the verbal noun form, with principal parts ro+lenited VN, j+lenited VN, lenited VN+ta/te/ṫa/ṫe, lenited VN. The imperative is usually, but not always, the unlenited VN.
 
==== Irish syncope verbs ====
These verbs end in /-C1əC2/ in unsuffixed forms. When a suffix beginning with a vowel is added, the schwa is dropped and C2 assimilates in emphasis to C1. If C2 becomes emphatic it spreads its emphasis to the suffix, like in any native verb whose stem ends in an emphatic consonant: ''roc{{cda}}osain'' 'he defended', ''roc{{cda}}os{{cll}}n'''at{{cll}}''''' 'she defended'.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''dif{{cda}}reagair'' 'he answered, responded (synonym of ''rivègib'')'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dif{{cda}}reagairtin''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagairrint''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagair hw''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagrat{{cll}} hi''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagairne''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagairtwm''
| ''dif{{cda}}reagru hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nf{{cda}}reagair''
| ''tf{{cda}}reagair''
| ''jf{{cda}}reagair hw''
| ''tf{{cda}}reagair hi''
| ''nf{{cda}}reagru''
| ''tf{{cda}}reagru''
| ''jf{{cda}}reagru hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''f{{cda}}reagair!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''f{{cda}}reagru!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''f{{cda}}reagart{{cda}}a''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''f{{cda}}reagairt'' (f)
|}
Examples:
* ''roc{{cda}}osain'' 'to defend'
* ''riomair'' 'to travel by water; to diffuse, to disperse'
* ''riomc{{cda}}air rù{{heth}}uh'' 'to behave'
* ''rinnis'' 'to narrate'
 
==== Irish 2nd-conjugation ''-aig{{cda}}'' verbs ====
Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish ''-aig{{cda}}'' verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)
 
past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''radṁaiġ'' 'he admitted, confessed'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''radṁaiġtin''
| ''radṁaiġtint''
| ''radṁaiġ hw''
| ''radṁait hi''
| ''radṁaiġne''
| ''radṁaiġtwm, r'adṁaiġtintwm''
| ''radṁav{{cll}} hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nadṁaiġ''
| ''tadṁaiġ''
| ''jadṁaiġ hw''
| ''tadṁaiġ hi''
| ''nadṁu''
| ''tadṁu''
| ''jadṁu hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''adṁaiġ!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''adṁu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''adṁaiṫe''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''adṁaċaḋ'' (f)
|}
 
==== Newer loan verbs ====
Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish ''-aigh'' loan verbs, but have a fixed stem.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''rofònaiġ'' 'he phoned'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rofònaiġtin''
| ''rofònaiġtint''
| ''rofònaiġ hw''
| ''rofònaiġt hi''
| ''rofònaiġne''
| ''rofònaiġtwm, rofònaiġtintwm''
| ''rofònav{{cll}} hwm''
|-
! future
| ''nfònaiġ''
| ''tfònaiġ''
| ''jfònaiġ hw''
| ''tfònaiġ hi''
| ''nfònu''
| ''tfònu''
| ''jfònu hwm''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''fònaiġ!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''fònu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''fònaiṫe''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''fònaċaḋ'' (f)
|}
==== Passivizing loan verbs ====
Loan verbs are made passive by adding ''(ə)t-'' to the stem:
 
''raimsig{{cda}}'' 'to attempt' -> ''rataimsig{{cda}}'' 'to be attempted' (The r- is helpful for parsing the t- here.)
 
The ''t'' assimilates before coronal obstruents.
 
==== The verb ''g{{cll}}àl'' ====
exhibits suppletion with ''*sèd'' < ''šahida'' 'to bear witness' (inspired by għid ~ qal in Maltese, ghid looks like hebrew 3ėd but is a false friend)
 
sedtin, seddint, g{{cll}}àl, g{{cll}}àlit, sedne, sedtwm, g{{cll}}àlw
 
nessid, tessid, jessid, nessdw, tessdw, jessdw
 
wssid, wssdw
 
meqùl
 
qavl
 
==== The verb ''ceàn'' ====
The verb ''ceàn, jcẁn, (no passive part.), cevn/cjèn'' (from Arabic ''kāna'') is a regular hollow 2-w verb. Unlike in Irish, ''ceàn'' covers the senses of both Irish ''is'' and Irish ''bí''.
 
In the present tense,
* the appropriate independent pronoun is used, for predicate nouns, predicative adjectives, and adjuncts
* the particle ''temm'' (irregularly from Arabic ''þamma'' 'there') is used, for existential statements
 
The future form of ''ceàn'' is also used as a "habitual be". (''ncẁn'' = Scottish Gaelic ''bidh mi'' 'I (tend to) be, I will be')
==== Modals ====
* ''eas{{cll}}d{{cll}}a{{3}}, jeas{{cll}}d{{cll}}a{{3}}, --, --, s{{cll}}d{{cll}}à{{3}}a'' 'can' (istiTā3a reanalyzed as Form IV)
* ''rèd, jrìd, --, --, rìde'' 'to want'
* ''{{3}}alèh'' 'to have to'
* ''pràinn'' 'it is urgent that'
* ''{{3}}andwh gàd{{cda}}'' 'to need to'
*: ''{{big3}}andi gàd{{cda}} nibtì{{3}} deg{{cll}}ìg{{cll}} {{ocus}} swccar{{cll}} bès ns{{cll}}ajjer cejc min nef{{sīn}}i.'' 'I need to buy flour and sugar in order to bake my own cake.'
* ''{{3}}andwh cead{{cll}}'' 'to be permitted to'
*: ''{{big3}}andic cead{{cll}} texfèm zèl progreamm tea{{heth}}t el{{cll}} coing{{cda}}eallaid{{cda}}èt{{cda}} gèje.'' 'You may use this program under the following conditions.'
 
=== Prepositions ===
* b(e): bìje, bìc, bìh, bìhe, bìne, bìcwm, bìhwm
* f(i): fìje, fìc, fìh, fìhe, fìne, fìcwm, fìhwm
* min: minni, minnic/minc (poetic), minnwh, minhe, minne, mincwm, minhwm
* meȝ: meȝi/meȝje /maj~maːjə/, meȝc, meȝuh /maẅh/, meȝhe, meȝne, meȝcwm, meȝhwm
 
''frè'' (< Irish fré) = against
:''frejje, frèc, frèh, frèhe, frène, frècwm, frèhwm''
* also ''ȝal'' /æl/ = on
 
fwg{{cll}} = upon, towards, for (< fawq + chuig)
: fwg{{cll}}i, fwg{{cll}}ac{{cll}}, fwg{{cll}}uh, fwg{{cll}}ha /çüqʰə/, fwg{{cll}}na, fwg{{cll}}cum /çüqʰːʊmˁ/, fwg{{cll}}hum /çüːm~çüʔʊmˁ/
 
gvèr = about
 
''f(i)'' (< CA fī) is matched to faoi in some verb complements and is in fact ''fo'' sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep ''gil'' (from ''majāl'' 'domain')
 
g{{cll}}ur{{cll}} = 'of, at' (from GuRB 'vicinity'): g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}i, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}ac{{cll}}, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}uh, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}ha, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}na, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}cum, g{{cll}}ur{{cll}}hum
 
ȝand 'to have'
 
=== Conjunctions ===
* ''agus{{cll}}'' /ag&#799;əs, ɪs/ 'and', usually written {{ocus}}
* ''ev'' 'or'
* ''eas{{cll}}da'' 'but (however)'
* ''bzècwllwh'' 'however'
* ''γir'', ''xlàf'' 'but (rather)'
* ''metli'' 'when'
* ''g{{cll}}abli'' 'before'
* ''veara li'' 'after'
* ''ȝalcemm'' 'although'
* ''ȝaseàn'', ''ħajd'' 'because'
* ''bès'' 'so that, in order that'
* ''nà'' 'lest' (from Irish ''ná'')
** (synonym) ''fzeȝ'' + pronominal suffix for the subject of the matrix clause
* ''veag{{cll}}t{{cll}}, veag{{cll}}t{{cll}} li'' 'while'
* ''jenc'' 'if (realis)'
* ''cinc'' 'if (irrealis)'
* ''ann-sin'' /ən'{{sh}}ɪn/ 'then'
 
=== Numerals ===
''vè{{heth}}ad'' /veahəd/, ''nejn, dlède, earb{{cll}}ȝa, xamɯe, ɯitte, ɯeab{{cll}}{{3}}a, dmènje, diɯȝa, ȝasra'' (''nejn'' is due to rebracketing: ''vèħad, dnejn'' → ''vèħad, nejn''
 
attributive forms: ''vè{{heth}}ad/vè{{heth}}de, zevg, dlèdit, earb{{cll}}{{3}}at{{cll}}, xamɯt, {{sīn}}ittit, ɯeab{{cll}}{{3}}at{{cll}}, dmènit, diɯȝat, ȝasrat{{cll}}''
 
''xamɯt meara'' (by Irish influence; dated) or ''xamɯt ni{{sīn}}e'' '5 women', ''xamɯt en-ni{{sīn}}e'' 'the 5 women'
 
''evvil, dèni, dèlid, ràb{{cll}}aȝ, xàmiɯ, ɯètit, ɯèb{{cll}}aȝ, dmèni, dèɯeȝ, ȝàser''
 
Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: ''ed dèlid bèb'' (abbrev. ''ed .3. bèb'') = the third door
 
== Syntax ==
Irish influence preserved or revived many conservative Semitic features of Majorcan syntax:
* "A el B" ("A B" when B is a proper noun) construction predominant for possessives
* possessive suffixes always productive
* default VSO word order
 
Sentences with finite verbs are VSO:
 
:'''''Cel el{{cll}} γannèj clùiteac{{cda}} nòn{{cll}} me{{3}}t{{cll}} Taoisec{{cda}}.'''''
: eat.PST.3SG.M DEF γina_singer famous.SG.M lunch with-DEF Taoiseach
: ''The famous ''γina'' singer had a luncheon with the Taoiseach.''
 
The progressive aspect uses verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects.
 
Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"
 
Question particle ''el'' (from ''hal''), assimilates to ''əL/ər/əR'' before L/r/R
 
The vocative particle ''je'' (''j'' before a vowel) is consistently used (like the Irish vocative). Vocative phrases usually go to the end: 'Cerìm, close the door!' is ''ʔwγlag{{cll}} el bèb, je Cerìm!''
 
* Is fear é Dónal = Ragil hwve Dom{{cda}}nall
* is fear mór/mór an fear é Dónal = ragil cbìr/cbìr er{{cll}} ragil hw Dom{{cda}}nall
* is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = Dom{{cda}}nall hw et{{cll}} Taoisec{{cda}} ȝàrr
* (!) tá Dónal mór = Dom{{cda}}nall hw cbìr
* bhí Dónal ... = ceàn Dom{{cda}}nall cbìr
* (!) tá úll ann/agam = hemm/{{3}}andi twffèħ
* (!) Stative verbs are different from Irish: tá mé i mo chodladh = nearg{{cll}}ad (stative verbs use the future tense in Majorcan)
 
Syntax example:
{| class=wikitable
! Language
! I love reading a lot.
! When I went to the library,
! I only found this old book.
! I wanted to read a book about the history of women in France.
|-
! Majorcan
| ''Nħebb ène neag{{cll}}ra veaxra.''
| ''Metli s{{cll}}iltin fwg{{cll}} el leaḃarlan{{cll}}n{{cll}},''
| ''mè s{{cll}}ibtin s γir zèl ctèb g{{cll}}adìm.''
| ''Ridtin neag{{cll}}ra ctèb gvèr s{{cll}}dòir en ni{{sīn}}e fir{{cll}} F{{cda}}rainc.''
|-
! Maltese
| ''Jien inħobb naqra ħafna.''
| ''Meta mort il-librerija,''
| ''sibt biss dan il-ktieb il-qadim.''
| ''Ridt naqra ktieb dwar il-ġrajja tan-nisa fi Franza.''
|-
! Arabic
| أَنَا أُحِبُّ القِرَاءَةَ  كَثِيرًا
| عِنْدَمَا ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى المَكْتَبَة
| لَمْ أَجِد سِوَى هٰذَا الكِتَابِ القَدِيم
| كُنْتُ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ  كِتَابًا عَن تَارِيخِ المَرأَةِ فِي فَرَنسَا
|-
! (Transl. for MSA)
| ''ʔanā ʔuħibbu l-qirāʔata kaþīran.''
| ''ʕindamā ðahabtu ʔila l-maktabah,''
| ''lam ʔaǧid siwā hāða l-kitābi l-qadīm.''
|  ''kuntu ʔurīdu an ʔaqraʔa kitāban ʕan tārīxi l-marʔati fī faransā.''
|-
! Irish (An Caighdeán)
| ''Is maith liomsa léamh go leor.''
| ''Nuair a chuaigh mé go dtí an leabharlann,''
| ''ní bhfuair mé ach an sean-leabhar seo.''
| ''Theastaigh uaim leabhar faoi stair na mban sa Fhrainc a léamh.''
|}
=== Noun phrase ===
* adnominal demonstratives: zèl (m), zìl (f), ilel (pl), sìl (what/which X?) (follows sun/moon letter rules like the definite article)
* pronominal demonstratives:
** proximal: zè (m), zì (f), ile (pl)
** distal: zèc (m), zìc (f), ilèc (pl)
* can use ''el X hùn'' lit. 'the X here', ''el X temm'' 'the X there' instead
* attributive adjective phrases: "NOUN ADJ1 ADJ2" for 'a ADJ1 and ADJ2 NOUN' (Irish influence)
 
== Vocabulary ==
* Native: most everyday words (33%)
* Irish: most formal vocabulary; government, law and source of most new coinages (50%)
* Latin, Romance and Greek: some formal vocabulary, esp. religion (possibly via Irish or English)
** ''profèt, profètìn'' (m) 'prophet'
* English: source of calques, some technology words
=== Derivation ===
(e is a stressed vowel which may change to ea; ej may change to aj; ə may be spelled e or a; w may be spelled u; Ē is either è or à; Ā is either eà or à)
* ''CeCC(ə), CiCC(ə), CwCC(ə)'': segolates
* ''meCCəC, meCCCə, miCCəC, miCCCə, mwCCəC, mwCCCə'': various inanimate nouns
* ''CCejjəC, CCejCə'': diminutives
* ''CCwCə, CCwCìje'': abstract nouns
*  ''CəCCèC'', ''CĒCəC'' (less prod.): agentives
* ''-aire, -airìn'': Irish agentive
* ''-adòir, -adòirìn'': Irish agentive
* ''-Ān'' (''-eàn'' after ''t{{cda}}''): Irish instrument nouns
* ''-òg'': Irish diminutive
* ''aṫ-'': re-
* ''neaṁ-'': non-, un- (for adjectives; lenites nouns of Irish origin)
* ''mì-'': non-, in- (for nouns; lenites nouns of Irish origin)
** ''mì-{{heth}}nène'' (f) 'cruelty, callousness' < ''{{heth}}nène'' (f) 'compassion'
** ''mì-c{{cda}}òir'' (f) 'injustice' < ''còir''
* ''nùa-'': neo- (lenites nouns of Irish origin)
* ''CèCəC, C(ə)CìC, CəCCĀn'': adjectives
* ''-ì, -ìje, -ìje'': nisba, used in both Arabic and Irish words; ''-ìje'' is used for feminine occupations, e.g. ''nòtaire'' 'notary' → ''nòtairìje'' 'notary (f.)'
* ''-ìje'': some language names
* ''-aċt/-eċt, -aċtaìjèṫ/-eċtaìjèṫ'': most common abstract noun suffix, used on agentives and adjectives; also used on native words
 
=== Days of the week ===
* Sunday: jwm Dom{{cda}}naig{{cda}}
* Monday: jwm Dnejn
* Tuesday: jwm Dlède
* Wednesday: jwm Ear{{cll}}b{{cll}}{{3}}a
* Thursday: jwm Xamɯe
* Friday: jwm Gim{{3}}a
* Saturday: jwm Ɯebt
abbreviated as "D 2 3 4 5 G Ɯ", e.g. ''jwm 2''
 
== Texts ==
Todo:
* snippet from some Classical Arabic text
* snippet from some Irish epic
* a hypothetical news report in Modern Irta Majorca
=== UDHR, Article 1 ===
:''Ritvèldw el bnèdmìn cwllhe xèlɯe {{ocus}} coṁionanna f uirrimhwm {{ocus}} fi certaèhwm. Hwme mrabbħa ber rèsùn{{cll}} {{ocus}} bel&#817; cogaḃus{{cll}} {{ocus}} ȝalèhwm jiomċru rùħhum meȝ silsìn b mèin g̱uṟ eaxve.''
:/rɪtʰˈveːldʊ əl bnɪdˈmiːn ˈcʰʊlhə ˈχe:lsə ɟɪs qʰəwʶˈnʶanʶ:ə f ˈʊr:ɪmhʊm ɪs fɪ cərʶˈtʶʰe:hʊm | ˈhʊmə ˈmʶrʶapʰ:ɐ bər rəˈsʶu:nʶ ɪs bəlʶ qʰɔˈʔʶawʶ:ʊsʶ əɟɪs ɐˈle:hʊm ˈjʊmʶχrʶʊ ˈrʶuɐhhʊm mɐ ʃɪlˈʃi:n bə me:n ʔʶʊrʶ ˈaχvʶə/
:[rɪt&#810;ʰˈveːl{{den}}d{{den}}ʊ̈ ə&#799;lbn&#810;ɪd&#810;ˈmiːŋ&#799; ˈk&#799;ʰʊ̈lhə ˈχɛːls{{den}}ə&#799; g̟ɪs{{den}} qʰʌwʶˈn&#810;ʶɑn&#810;ʶːʌ ˈf‿ʊ̈rːɪmhʊ̈m ˌæg̟ɪs{{den}} fɪ k&#799;ʰərʶˈt&#810;ʶʰɛːhʊ̈mʲ ‖ hʊ̈mə&#799; ˈm{{uvu}}rʶɑpːʰɐ&#799; bərrə&#799;ˈs{{den}}{{uvu}}ʊːn{{den}}{{uvu}} ɪs{{den}} bəl&#810;ʶqʰʌˈʔɑwwʶʊs{{den}}ʶ əg̟ɪs{{den}} ɐ&#799;ˈleːhʊ̈mʲ ˈjʊmʶχrʶʊ ˈrʶʊɐħ&#798;ħ&#798;ʊm mɐ&#799; ʃɪ&#799;lʃiːnʲ b‿meːnʲ ʔʶʊrʶ ˈæχwʶʌ]
:PST-PASS-give_birth_to-3PL DEF human-PL all.PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-3PL.POSS and right-PL-3PL.POSS. 3PL.INDEP enriched-PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience and on-3PL behave/3PL.FUT REFL-3PL COM each_other INS mindset POSS sibling.PL.
 
Our timeline's Tunisian Arabic:
: ''In-nès il-kull muludìn ħurrìn w mitsèwìn fi’l-karàme w’il-ħuqùq. Tagħŧàw għqal w żamìr w lèzim ygħàmlu bgħażhum kìf l-axwa.''
Our timeline's Egyptian Arabic:
:''ʔil-mæddæ ʔil-ʔæwwalaniyyæ ʔil-bæniʔædmīn kulluhum mæwlūdīn ħurrīn wi mitsawwyīn fil-karāma wil-ħuʔūʔ. ʔitwæhæb-luhum ʔil-ʕaʔl wiḍ-ḍamīr wil-mafrūḍ yiʕæmlu baʕḍ bi-rūħ ʔil-ʔuxuwiyyæ.''
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Varieties of Arabic]]
[[Category:Hiberno-Xenic]]

Revision as of 16:41, 2 March 2024

Rwbmwdqwg /ɾə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language, conceived by User:IlL.

Phonology

  • vowels: ⟨w oo⟩ /ə ã/
  • consonants: ⟨q m k r⟩ /ʔ m k ɾ/
  • tones: ⟨-b -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l⟩ /˥ ˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/

Morphology

Most Rwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT1mwT2kwT3 verb stem:

  • qwlmwbkwj = to preside
  • qwbmwdkwg = to speak
  • qwxmwbkwb = to hear
  • qwtmwgkwd = to see
  • qwbmwxkws = to eat
  • qwzmwxkwv = to drink

Only a few roots are bitonal, such as qwxkwj 'to be' and qwskws 'to go'.

Nouns

The plural marker is -qoob: pwbkwx 'bird', pwbkwxqoob 'birds'.

Verbs

Infinitive: qwlmwlrwd 'to sleep'
Person Non-past Past
1sg qoolmwlrwd qwlkwlqoodqoox
2sg koolmwlrwd qwlkwlqoodkwt
3sg roolmwlrwd qwlkwlqood
1pl qoolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodqoov
2pl koolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodkoov
3pl roolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodmooj
Participle moolmwlrwd
Infinitive qwlmwlrwd
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qwbmwdqwg&oldid=362070"