Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions

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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"
|+ Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
|+ Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|
|
| *k {{IPA|/k/}}
| *k {{IPA|/k/}}
| *’ {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
| *ʔ {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-
|-
!  |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
!  |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
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!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|  
|  
| *c {{IPA|/ts/}}
| *s {{IPA|/ts/}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
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! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| *s {{IPA|/s/}}
| <!--*s {{IPA|/s/}}-->
| *š {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| *š {{IPA|/ɕ ~ ç/}}
|
|
| *h {{IPA|/h/}}
| *h {{IPA|/h ~ x ~ θ/}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
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! Long
! Long
|-
|-
! {{IPA|/m/}}
! *{{IPA|/m/}}
| *m̥ {{IPA|/m̩/}}
| *m̥ {{IPA|/m̩/}}
| *m̥̄ {{IPA|/m̩ː/}}
| *m̥̄ {{IPA|/m̩ː/}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|/n/}}
! *{{IPA|/n/}}
| *n̥ {{IPA|/n̩/}}
| *n̥ {{IPA|/n̩/}}
| *n̥̄ {{IPA|/n̩ː/}}
| *n̥̄ {{IPA|/n̩ː/}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|/r/}}
! *{{IPA|/r/}}
| *r̥ {{IPA|/r̩/}}
| *r̥ {{IPA|/r̩/}}
| *r̥̄ {{IPA|/r̩ː/}}
| *r̥̄ {{IPA|/r̩ː/}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|/l/}}
! *{{IPA|/l/}}
| *l̥ {{IPA|/l̩/}}
| *l̥ {{IPA|/l̩/}}
| *l̥̄ {{IPA|/l̩ː/}}
| *l̥̄ {{IPA|/l̩ː/}}
|-
|-
! *{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
| *ə {{IPA|/ə/}}
| *əʔ {{IPA|/əʔ/}}
|}
|}
Note that *''i'' and *''u'' (and their long forms *''ī'' and *''ū'') are considered the syllabic counterparts of *''y'' and *''w'' respectively.
Note that *''i'' and *''u'' (and their long forms *''ī'' and *''ū'') are considered the syllabic counterparts of *''y'' and *''w'' respectively.
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-->
-->
'''(IN PROGRESS)'''
'''(IN PROGRESS)'''
===Nominals===
===Pronouns===
====Pronouns====
===='''Personal pronouns'''====
====='''Personal pronouns'''=====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
|+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
! Person/<br />Number !! Independent !! Dependent
! Person !! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative !! Clitic !! Possessive pronoun
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
| *ʔéṣ || *mé || *móy || *mébi || *méṭ || *méme || *móy || *me || *móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! D
| *wéʔ || *n̥ʔwé || *n̥ʔúboʔ || *n̥ʔwéy || *n̥ʔwéṭ || *n̥ʔówš || *n̥ʔwí || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! P
| *wéyeh || *n̥hmé || *n̥hm̥bíš || *n̥hméy || *n̥hméṭ || *n̥hóʔom || *n̥hméy || *nō̆h || *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
| *túʔ || *twé || *tóy || *tébi || *twéṭ || *téwe || *tóy || *te || *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! D
| *yúʔ || *uʔwé || *uʔúboʔ || *uʔwéy || *uʔwéṭ || *uʔówš || *uʔwí || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
|-
|-
! 1S
! P
| ’ammā || -mā
| *yū́h || *ušmé || *ušm̥bíš || *ušméy || *ušméṭ || *ušóʔom || *ušmí || *wō̆h || *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
! Refl. !! All !! All
| — || *hwé || *hóy || *hébi || *hwéṭ || *héwe || *hóy || *he || *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
|}
<!--
! 2SM
! 2SM
| ’antā || -tā/-ṯā
| ’antā || tē
|-
|-
! 2SF
! 2SF
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|}
|}
-->
-->
====='''Demonstrative pronouns'''=====
 
===='''Demonstrative pronouns'''====
<!--
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
--
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic demonstrative ''*hóh'' "he, that"
! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative
|-
! rowspan="3"| S !! M
| *hóh || *hóm || *héynoʔ || *héhmey || *héhmeṭ || *héhyo || *héhmi
|-
! F
| *híʔ || *híʔm || *háʔʔe || *héhyaʔay || *héhyaʔaṭ || *héhyaʔah || *héhyaʔ
|-
! N
| *hóṭ || *hóṭ || *héynoʔ || *héhmey || *héhmeṭ || *héhyo || *héhmi
|-
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
| *hóʔ || *hóʔ || colspan="3"| *héyboʔ || colspan="2"| *héyʔowš
|-
! F
| colspan="2"| *híʔʔe || colspan="3"| *híʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *híʔboʔowš
|-
! N
| *hóy || *hóy || colspan="3"| *héyboʔ || colspan="2"| *héyʔowš
|-
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
| *hṓh || *hónh || *héybiš || *héymoh || *héymoh || *héyšoʔom || *héyšu
|-
! F
| *híʔah || *híʔn̥h || *híʔbiš || *híʔmoh || *híʔmoh || *híʔoʔom || *híʔšu
|-
! N
| *háʔ || *háʔ || *héybiš || *héymoh || *héymoh || *héyšoʔom || *héyšu
|-
|}
Similarly declined are:
*''*tóh'' "that, he"
*''*sóh'' "this"
*''*yóh'' "that, which (relative)"
*''*kóh'' "what, which (interrogative)"
*''*ʔályoh'' "(an)other"
*''*ʔánoh'' "that (over there)"
 
===Adjectives===
====o/aʔ-stem adjectives====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed o/aʔ-stem adjective declension
! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Vocative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative
|-
! rowspan="3"| S !! M
| *-oh || *-e || *-om || *-oʔ || *-ōy || *-ōṭ || *-ohyo || *-ey
|-
! F
| colspan="2"| *-aʔ || *-aʔm || *-aʔʔe || *-aʔay || *-aʔaṭ || *-aʔah || *-aʔ
|-
! N
| colspan="3"| *-om || *-oʔ || *-ōy || *-ōṭ || *-ohyo || *-ey
|-
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
| colspan="3"| *-oʔ || colspan="3"| *-oboʔ || colspan="2"| *-oʔowš
|-
! F
| colspan="3"| *-aʔʔe || colspan="3"| *-aʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *-aʔboʔowš
|-
! N
| colspan="3"| *-oy || colspan="3"| *-oboʔ || colspan="2"| *-oʔowš
|-
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
| colspan="2"| *-ōh || -onh || *-obiš || *-omoh || *-omoh || *-oʔom || *-oyšu
|-
! F
| colspan="2"| *-aʔah || *-aʔn̥h || *-aʔbiš || *-aʔmoh || *-aʔmoh || *-aʔoʔom || *-aʔhu
|-
! N
| colspan="3"| *-aʔ || *-obiš || *-omoh || *-omoh || *-oʔom || *-oyšu
|-
|}


====Nouns and adjectives====
<!--
<!--
Nouns do not decline for case.
Nouns do not decline for case.
-
-
Consonant-final singular nouns have a construct state formed by adding a final ''-a''. If the noun ends in a vowel, it does not change. Plural nouns also do not change unless they are broken plurals<!--However, plural nouns instead change their ending (see the table below).-->
Consonant-final singular nouns have a construct state formed by adding a final ''-a''. If the noun ends in a vowel, it does not change. Plural nouns also do not change unless they are broken plurals<!--However, plural nouns instead change their ending (see the table below).
-
-
There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending ''-ā''<!-- (which becomes ''-at'' in the construct case)-->.
There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending ''-ā''<!-- (which becomes ''-at'' in the construct case)-->.
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-->
-->
<!--
<!--
====Adverbs====
===Adverbs===
Adverbs of manner can be formed from adjectives or nouns with the suffix ''-ā''.
Adverbs of manner can be formed from adjectives or nouns with the suffix ''-ā''.
-->
-->
====Numerals====
 
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Zanahi numerals
|+ Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="3"|Cardinal number
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="3"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Ordinal number
|-
|-
! masc. !! fem. !! neuter
! masc. !! fem. !! neuter
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-->
-->
! 1
! 1
| *’oynoh || *’oynā || *’oynom
| *ʔóynoh || *ʔóynaʔ || *ʔóynom || *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| *ṭuwā || *ṭuwāi || *ṭuwā
| *ṭwóʔ || *ṭwáʔʔe || *ṭwóʔ || *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| *treyeh || *treyeh || *treyā
| colspan="2"|*tréyeh (oblique stem: *tri-) || *tríʔ || *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| *ketureh || *ketureh || *keturā
| colspan="2"| *ketwóreh (oblique stem: *ketur-) || *ketwṓr (oblique stem: *ketur-)|| *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| colspan="3"| *penke
| colspan="3"| *pénke || *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| colspan="3"| *šesš
| colspan="3"| *šésš || *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| colspan="3"| *heptm̥
| colspan="3"| *heptḿ̥ || *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| colspan="3"| *’ostō
| colspan="3"| *ʔostṓ || *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| colspan="3"| *newn̥
| colspan="3"| *néwn̥ || *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| colspan="3"| *desm̥
| colspan="3"| *ṭésm̥ || *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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-->
-->
! 20
! 20
| colspan="3"| ṭuwīsn̥ti
| colspan="3"| *ṭwíʔsn̥ti || *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| colspan="3"| trīsant
| colspan="3"| *triʔsónt || *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
<!--
! 40
! 40
| colspan="2"| kaṯurīn || kaṯurīn-
| colspan="3"| *ketursónt || *ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| colspan="2"| pankīn || pankīn-
| colspan="3"| *penkeʔsónt || *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| colspan="2"| šaššīn || šaššīn-
| colspan="3"| *šesšsónt || *šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| colspan="2"| haftīn || haftīn-
| colspan="3"| *heptm̥ʔsónt || *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| colspan="2"| ‘aṣṭīn || ‘aṣṭīn-
| colspan="3"| *ʔoctōʔsónt || *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| colspan="2"| nawīn || nawīn-
| colspan="3"| *newn̥ʔsónt || *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
-->
! 100
! 100
| colspan="3"| *sn̥tom
| colspan="3"| *sn̥tóm || <!--*sn̥tn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm-->
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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| colspan="2"| ṭuwā sintīn || ṭuwā sint-
| colspan="2"| ṭuwā sintīn || ṭuwā sint-
|-
|-
-->
! 1000
! 1000
| colspan="2"| ’alf || ’alf-
| colspan="3"| *zéhlom ||  
|-
|-
<!--
! 2000
! 2000
| colspan="2"| ṭuwā ’alfīn || ṭuwā ’alf-
| colspan="2"| ṭuwā ’alfīn || ṭuwā ’alf-
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*The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last".
*The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last".
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.-->
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.-->
===Verbs===
<!--
<!--
===Verbs===
====Types of verbs====
====Types of verbs====
There are 5 main types of verbs:
There are 5 main types of verbs:
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''<!--han-’artawīn-->''
! English !! Proto-Zanahic
|-
| spring || wóhr̥
|-
| summer || hm̥ʔṓn
|-
| fall || wéṯoh
|-
| winter || zéymoh
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Solar months - ''hay-yarḥān han-ḥāwiliyyā
! English !! colspan="2"| Zanahi
|-
| January || kānān han-’aftam
|-
| February || šavāṭ
|-
| March || ’āḏār
|-
| April || nīsān
|-
| May || ’iyyār
|-
| June || ḥazīrān
|-
| July || tammūz
|-
| August || ’āv
|-
| September || ’īlūl
|-
| October || tašrīn hap-partam
|-
| November || tašrīn han-’aftam
|-
| December || kānān hap-partam
|-
|}
'''Note:''' October (''tašrīn hap-partam'') is considered the first month of the year.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''haṭ-ṭaynīn ta-n-haftam''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| Sunday || han-‘aynīn
|-
| Monday || haṭ-ṭuwīn
|-
| Tuesday || hat-tarayīn
|-
| Wednesday || hak-kaṯurīn
|-
| Thursday || hap-pankīn
|-
| Friday || haǧ-ǧum‘ā
|-
| Saturday || has-sabt
|-
|}
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''hab-bāqīn ta-ṭ-ṭayn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| day || ṭayn
|-
| dawn || ’awḥā
|-
| morning || ’azar
|-
| noon || ’awq
|-
| afternoon || wašpar
|-
| evening || šaf
|-
| dusk || ṭawšā
|-
| night || naḵṭ
|-
| midnight || mayḏa ṯa-n-naḵṭ
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''ham-māṯayīn ta-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| second || ṭuwiyyā
|-
| minute || daqīqā
|-
| hour || sā‘ā
|-
| day || ṭayn
|-
| week || haftam
|-
| month || yarḥā
|-
| season || ’artō
|-
| year || yār
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''haẓ-ẓurūfa ṯa-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| now || nūnā
|-
| then ||
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always ||
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never ||
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet ||
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || haṭ-ṭayn
|-
| tonight || han-naḵṭ
|-
| yesterday ||
|-
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow ||
|-
| tomorrow night ||
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week || sā han-haftam
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
| this year || sā hay-yār
|-
| last year || paruṯ
|-
| next year ||
|}
===Colours - ''hap-paysīn''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''hap-paysīn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| white || ’alb; suwayṯ
|-
| grey ||
|-
| black || siyāw
|-
| red || rawḏ; ruḏr
|-
| orange || burtuqāliyy
|-
| brown || qahwiyy; bunniyy
|-
| yellow || zalē
|-
| green || ’aḫḍar
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden || ḏahabiyy
|-
|}
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
====Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)====
*''holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.''
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Latest revision as of 06:10, 6 March 2024

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ *ʔ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *s /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative *š /ɕ ~ ç/ *h /h ~ x ~ θ/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ *ī /iː/ *ū /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ *ē /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ *ā /aː/ *ō /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ *ə /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔéṣ *mé *móy *mébi *méṭ *méme *móy *me *móh, -áʔ, -óm
D *wéʔ *n̥ʔwé *n̥ʔúboʔ *n̥ʔwéy *n̥ʔwéṭ *n̥ʔówš *n̥ʔwí *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
P *wéyeh *n̥hmé *n̥hm̥bíš *n̥hméy *n̥hméṭ *n̥hóʔom *n̥hméy *nō̆h *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2 S M/F *túʔ *twé *tóy *tébi *twéṭ *téwe *tóy *te *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
D *yúʔ *uʔwé *uʔúboʔ *uʔwéy *uʔwéṭ *uʔówš *uʔwí *wō̆ʔ *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
P *yū́h *ušmé *ušm̥bíš *ušméy *ušméṭ *ušóʔom *ušmí *wō̆h *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl. All All — *hwé *hóy *hébi *hwéṭ *héwe *hóy *he *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm


Demonstrative pronouns

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic demonstrative *hóh "he, that"
Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
S M *hóh *hóm *héynoʔ *héhmey *héhmeṭ *héhyo *héhmi
F *híʔ *híʔm *háʔʔe *héhyaʔay *héhyaʔaṭ *héhyaʔah *héhyaʔ
N *hóṭ *hóṭ *héynoʔ *héhmey *héhmeṭ *héhyo *héhmi
D M *hóʔ *hóʔ *héyboʔ *héyʔowš
F *híʔʔe *híʔboʔ *híʔboʔowš
N *hóy *hóy *héyboʔ *héyʔowš
P M *hṓh *hónh *héybiš *héymoh *héymoh *héyšoʔom *héyšu
F *híʔah *híʔn̥h *híʔbiš *híʔmoh *híʔmoh *híʔoʔom *híʔšu
N *háʔ *háʔ *héybiš *héymoh *héymoh *héyšoʔom *héyšu

Similarly declined are:

  • *tóh "that, he"
  • *sóh "this"
  • *yóh "that, which (relative)"
  • *kóh "what, which (interrogative)"
  • *ʔályoh "(an)other"
  • *ʔánoh "that (over there)"

Adjectives

o/aʔ-stem adjectives

Proto-Zanahi reconstructed o/aʔ-stem adjective declension
Number Gender Nominative Vocative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
S M *-oh *-e *-om *-oʔ *-ōy *-ōṭ *-ohyo *-ey
F *-aʔ *-aʔm *-aʔʔe *-aʔay *-aʔaṭ *-aʔah *-aʔ
N *-om *-oʔ *-ōy *-ōṭ *-ohyo *-ey
D M *-oʔ *-oboʔ *-oʔowš
F *-aʔʔe *-aʔboʔ *-aʔboʔowš
N *-oy *-oboʔ *-oʔowš
P M *-ōh -onh *-obiš *-omoh *-omoh *-oʔom *-oyšu
F *-aʔah *-aʔn̥h *-aʔbiš *-aʔmoh *-aʔmoh *-aʔoʔom *-aʔhu
N *-aʔ *-obiš *-omoh *-omoh *-oʔom *-oyšu

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔóynoh *ʔóynaʔ *ʔóynom *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
2 *ṭwóʔ *ṭwáʔʔe *ṭwóʔ *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *tréyeh (oblique stem: *tri-) *tríʔ *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *ketwóreh (oblique stem: *ketur-) *ketwṓr (oblique stem: *ketur-) *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
5 *pénke *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
6 *šésš *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
7 *heptḿ̥ *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
8 *ʔostṓ *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
9 *néwn̥ *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
10 *ṭésm̥ *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
20 *ṭwíʔsn̥ti *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
30 *triʔsónt *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
40 *ketursónt *ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
50 *penkeʔsónt *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
60 *šesšsónt *šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
70 *heptm̥ʔsónt *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
80 *ʔoctōʔsónt *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
90 *newn̥ʔsónt *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
100 *sn̥tóm
1000 *zéhlom

Verbs

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time -

Seasons - '
English Proto-Zanahic
spring wóhr̥
summer hm̥ʔṓn
fall wéṯoh
winter zéymoh
Parts of the day - hab-bāqīn ta-ṭ-ṭayn
English Zanahi
day ṭayn
dawn ’awḥā
morning ’azar
noon ’awq
afternoon wašpar
evening šaf
dusk ṭawšā
night naḵṭ
midnight mayḏa ṯa-n-naḵṭ
Units of time - ham-māṯayīn ta-z-zaman
English Zanahi
second ṭuwiyyā
minute daqīqā
hour sā‘ā
day ṭayn
week haftam
month yarḥā
season ’artō
year yār
Time adverbs - haẓ-ẓurūfa ṯa-z-zaman
English Zanahi
now nūnā
then
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always
often
sometimes
rarely
never
ever
still, yet
already
today haṭ-ṭayn
tonight han-naḵṭ
yesterday
last night
tomorrow
tomorrow night
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week sā han-haftam
last week
next week
this year sā hay-yār
last year paruṯ
next year

Colours - hap-paysīn

Colours - hap-paysīn
English Zanahi
white ’alb; suwayṯ
grey
black siyāw
red rawḏ; ruḏr
orange burtuqāliyy
brown qahwiyy; bunniyy
yellow zalē
green ’aḫḍar
blue
pink
purple
golden ḏahabiyy

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources

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