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Aydın Baykara

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== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http//:aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http://aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
    
    
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
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According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)
According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)
   
   
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5.  The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns /things) principially.   
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5.  The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns (for things, e.g. bedding, passage) principally.   


As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used.
As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used.
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!'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
|-
|-
|_'''da'''(abstr.nouns)|| ||  _da|| || salya.da|| _hood,_ness,_ity||''motherhood'', friendship, military, kingdom  
|_'''da'''|| ||  _da|| || salma.da ''(for abstract nouns)''|| _hood,_ness,_ity||''motherhood'', friendship, military, kingdom  
|-  
|-  
|_da|| ||  _ha|| ||senge.ha|| ||''spectacles'', woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
|_da|| ||  _ha|| ||sinhe.ha|| ||''spectacles'', woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
|-
|-
|_da|| ||  _ya|| ||salya.ya||-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette ||''mummy'', doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
|_da|| ||  _ya|| ||salma.ya ''(diminutiv)''||-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette ||''mummy'', doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
|-
|-
|'''_na'''(people-group)|| ||  _ma|| ||pesçe.ma||-ian/-er/-man/-ist ||''politician'', librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
|'''_ba'''|| ||  _va|| ||pespo.va (sulpo) ''(affiliation to people- group)''||-ian/-er/-man/-ist ||''politician'', librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
|-
|-
|_na|| ||  _sa|| ||Türkiye.sa||-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se||''Turkish'',  Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
|_ba|| ||  _sa|| ||Türkiye.sa||-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se||''Turkish'',  Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
|-
|-
|_na|| ||  _na|| ||paskö.na||_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r||''citizen'', villager, republican, English, German (folk)
|_ba|| ||  _ba|| ||sölce.ba||_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r||''citizen'', villager, republican, English, German (folk)
|-
|-
|'''_ta'''(branch-area)|| ||  _ta|| ||banya.ta||_logy,_nomy,_graphy||''biology'', psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
|_ba|| ||  _ra|| ||vatne.ra / sülne||_eer||''engineer''
|-
|'''_ta'''|| ||  _ta|| ||banba.ta ''(relating to a branch, area)''||_logy,_nomy,_graphy||''biology'', psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
|-
|'''_ga'''|| ||  _ga|| ||pasna.ga; pisrö.ga||_ism||''nationalism; racism''
|-
|-
||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English
||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English
|-
|-
||| || || ||||-meter||thermometer (Suffix replaced by compound words  such as "heat gauge")
|Suffix replaced by compound words|| ||such as || ||"heat gauge"|| -meter||thermometer  
|}
|}
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism”  and "ta" for scientific nouns.  
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism”  and "ta" for scientific nouns.  
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!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
|-
|-
|_'''ka'''|| || heha.ka||-y||''pinky''
|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky''
|-  
|-  
|_ka;(x)_ka|| || ebi.ka, ebix.ka||-||''beauty'', ugliness
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness''
|-
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom
|-
|-
|_ka|| ||açü.ka, abax.ka||_dom,_hood||''freedom'', boredom, ''falsehood''
|_ma|| || edo.ma||_th||''depth'', strength
|-
|-
|_ka|| || ehi.ka,  atü.ka||_th, _(en)ce||''depth'', strength, ''prominence'', absence
|(x)_ma|| || gav.amox.ma*||_cy||vacancy
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|_ma|| || opö.ma||_(en)ce||''prominence'', absence, residence
|-
|-
|_ka|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|_ma|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| ||göd.amox.ka(*)||_cy||''vacancy'', fluency, frequency
|_ma|| ||vof.azo.ma*||_(en)cy|| fluency, frequency
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|_ma|| || asa.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|-
|-
|_vunye|| || şı.vunye, ki.vunye||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|_vusdu|| || oşo.vusdu, ki.vusdu||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|}
|}
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
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==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
{|
{|
|adjective.verb ||edu.çeni ||telephone  
|adjective.verb ||çöt.ana ||telephone  
|-   
|-   
|adjective.verb ||edu.biyi ||television
|adjective.verb ||met.ana ||television
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edu. bayı ||telescope
|adjective.verb ||di*.sese ||telescope
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edux.bayı ||microscope
|adjective.verb ||bi.*sese ||microscope
|-
|-
|adjective.noun ||eme vondi ||lens/magnifier
|adjective.noun ||bi.vonga ||lens/magnifier
|-
|-
|verb.noun ||ene.n. vondi ||magnifying glass
|verb.noun ||gam.vonga ||magnifying glass
|-
|-
|adjective.noun||şo.bangı||something
|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something
|}
|}
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
.*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.


“Yes” and “No”: “Ay” and “Ya” (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)
'''Yes''' and '''No''': '''Ay''' and '''Ya''' (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)


== VERBS of ABCL ==
== VERBS of ABCL ==
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As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
{|
{|
|'''kaf'''||||||set up||||||'''kef'''||||||set down||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''kif'''||||||fasten
|'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''köf'''||||||force
|-
|-
|kah||||||dig||||||keh||||||fill||||||kıh||||||  ||||||kih||||||excavate
|kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh||||||  ||||||köh||||||hew
|-
|-
|kak||||||walk||||||kek||||||preserve||||||kık||||||  ||||||kik||||||fit
|kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık||||||  ||||||kök||||||connect
|-
|-
|kal||||||open||||||kel||||||close||||||kıl||||||  ||||||kil||||||shut down
|kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl||||||  ||||||köl||||||line
|-
|-
|kam||||||pull||||||kem||||||push||||||kım||||||  ||||||kim||||||twist
|kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım||||||  ||||||köm||||||modify/alter
|-
|-
|kan||||||take||||||ken||||||give||||||kın||||||take away ||||||kin||||||bring
|kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın||||||  ||||||kön||||||
|-
|-
|kap||||||throw/fling||||||kep||||||dart||||||kıp||||||  ||||||kip||||||kick
|kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press ||||||köp||||||push
|-
|-
|kar||||||hit||||||ker||||||crush/bump||||||kır||||||bust  ||||||kir||||||catch
|kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase
|-
|-
|kas||||||cut||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||  ||||||kis||||||divide
|kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt ||||||kös||||||shear
|-
|-
|}
|}


Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
=== DERIVED VERBS ===
=== DERIVED VERBS ===


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''
''
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_k'''|| || çanko.k, dengo.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|-  
|-  
|(noun)_k|| || pesçi.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_l'''|| ||vesne.l/posbo.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
|'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up
|-
|-
|(noun)_l|| || vönni.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|-
|-
|(noun)_lx|| ||tanrı.lx||get …||''get no fever''
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky''
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever''
|}
|}


==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
|-Example:
Examples:
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''_l, _lx'''|| ||efi.l- efil.x||''be new-become old''
|'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ene.l- enel.x||''greaten/biggen-become small/diminish''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||emi.l- emi.lx||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||egi.l- egix.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
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{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples ''  
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples'''  ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)''  
|-
|-
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... (infinite)/!||to run, to eat / /'''run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|}
|}


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Examples for Root Adjectives:
Examples for Root Adjectives:
{|
{|
!Indefinite (Quantifier): şV*||||English|| || ||DQ: eC*e|||| ||Physical Descr. of Things|| ||DP: aC*i|||| ||Person-Behaviour
!Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*||||English|| || ||Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V*|| |||| || || ||Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V*
|-
|-
|şa|| ||more|||| ||ebe-x|||| ||sweet-bitter|| ||abi-x|||| ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|-
|-
|şe|| ||most|||| ||ece||||- |||| ||aci-x|||| ||fair-biased  
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased  
|-
|-
|şi-şix|| ||several/many/much -few/little|||| ||eçe|||| ||sour|| ||açi-x|||| ||just-devious
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
|-
|-
|şo-şox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||ede-x|||| ||hot-cold|| ||adi-x|||| ||sedate-excited
|öşo-öşox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||oho-x||hot-cold|| |||| || ||aşe-x||sedate-excited
|-
|-
|şö|| ||each|||| ||efe-x|||| ||warm- cool|| ||afi|||| ||superficial
|öşö|| ||each|||| ||ova-x|| warm- cool|| |||| || ||asu||superficial
|-
|-
|şu-şux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||ege-x|||| ||wide-narrow|| ||agi|||| ||keen/eager
|öşu-öşux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||eva-x||wide-narrow|| |||| || ||aki||keen/eager
|}
|}


Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their
'''Possessive Determiners:''' az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their


Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
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Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
{|
{|
!_ado-adox||||_ful-less||||(_azo)ado||||_ant/-ent||||_ako||||_able, _ible||||_amo||||p.p _ed/irregular
!'''_ado-adox'''||||_ful-less||||(_azo)'''_ado'''||||_ant/-ent||||'''_amo'''||||_able, _ible||||'''_ono'''||||p.p _ed/irregular||||_iko||||_ing
|-
|-
|bip.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||tüm.ado||||relaxant||||kir.ako||||breakable||||dul.amo||||boiled
|boh.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||nel.ado||||relaxant||||keb.amo||||breakable||||dol.ono||||boiled||||ted.iko||||dancing
|-
|-
|yaz.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sik.ado||||pleasant||||moy.ako||||admirable||||mad.amo||||known
|bus.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sip.ado||||pleasant||||mir.amo||||admirable||||bon.ono||||known||||tis.iko||||singing
|-
|-
|rol.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||feh.ado||||dominant||||höç.akox||||incredible||||bür.amo||||worried
|roh.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||fur.ado||||dominant||||höç.amox||||incredible||||muv.ono||||worried||||moh.iko||||terrifying
|}
|}


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Examples
Examples
{|
{|
!_do||||_ful, _ous||||_dox||||-less, in-, ir-||||_ko||||_able,_ible
!'''_do'''||||_ful, _ous||||'''_dox'''||||-less, in-, ir-||||_'''no'''||||_able,_ible
|-
|-
|pasba.do||||peaceful||||pasba.dox||||hope.less||||pösvi.ko||||fashionable
|fenpü.do||||peaceful||||bonho.dox||||hope.less||||posfa.no||||fashionable
|-
|-
|sinte.do||||handful||||camya.dox||||timeless||||pisbe.ko||||taxable
|sonye.do||||handful||||camti.dox||||timeless||||halta.no||||taxable
|-
|-
|pössi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||hanya.dox||||homeless||||menyö.ko||||sociable
|minşi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||pasha.dox||||homeless||||||||
|}
|}


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{|
{|
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln||||10 Mln-90 Mln
|-
|-
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv||||#ip
|-
|-
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv||||bip
|-
|-
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv||||çip
|-
|-
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
Line 535: Line 544:
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
|-
|-
!'''oçV*'''|||| '''oşV*'''||||||'''oyV*'''||||||'''öyV*'''||
!'''V*s'''|||| '''V*ş'''||||||'''V*m'''||||||'''V*ç'''||
|-
|-
|oça||yet||oşa||more,_er||||oya||ahead/forward||||öya||otherwise||
|as||always||aş||more,_er||||am||ahead/forward||||oç||together||
|-
|-
|oçe||still||oşe||most||||oye-x||in(side)-out(side)||||öye||aright||
|es||yet/still||eş||most||||üm-em||in(side)-out(side)||||üç||enough||
|-
|-
!uçV*|| || öşV*
!V*t|| ||
|-
|-
|uça|| immediately|| öşa|| often
|it|| now|| iş|| all
|-
|-
|uço|| now|| öşi|| some||
|ot|| tomorrow|| oş|| some||
|}
|}


Line 559: Line 568:
==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
'''  
'''  
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_içe||||fag.içe||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|_r**||||feh.r||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|-
|-
|_içe||||eh.içe||||_ing(ly)||||''laughingly'', knowingly||
|_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly||
|}
|}
.*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing”
.**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”)


'''
'''
==== Derived from Root Adjectives ====
==== Derived from Root/Derived Adjectives ====
'''
'''
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çi||||fag.ado.çi||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', notably, passably, incredibly, fortunately||
|_r||||feh.ado.r, banlu.dox.r||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', ''unfortunately'' notably, passably, incredibly||
|-
|_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|-
|_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' ||
|-
|-
|_çi||||ebi.çi (ebix.çi), atö.çi||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|}
|}


Line 585: Line 597:
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çö||||pisba.çö, monba.çö ||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly''||
|_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r
''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)''
||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''(un)econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)||
|-
|-
|_ça||||süb.ça, hünbe.ça, ehe.ça||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|}
|}
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Line 601: Line 615:


{|
{|
!Coordinating||  ||||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|| ||||Interrogative||
!Coordinating||  ||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|||| ||Interrogative||
|-
|Conjunct.||||  ||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|||| ||as Subordinate Conjunct.||
|-
|'''p_, r, s, v''': varied vowels||  ||||'''h_, f, d, ç, b''':: varied vowels
|-
|-
|Conjunct.|| ||||||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|| ||||Conjunct.||
|'''sV*'''|| ||||'''fV*'''|| ||||||||||'''tV*'''||
|-
|-
|'''_y, k, p, r''': C*|| ||||||'''_f, l, m''':C*
|sa ||and|||| fa|| even if||||pe…so (pe)||||either...or||ta|| what||
|-
|-
|'''V*n'''|| ||||||'''V*f'''|| ||||||||||'''V*t'''||
|so|| or|||| fö|| as if|| ||pex..so ||||neither...nor||te|| where||
|-
|-
|i ||and|||| ||af|| even if||||ün…en (ün)||either...or||||at|| what||
|su|| but|||| fe||if/in case|| ||ça/fo (adj)…ge||||as.(adjective).as|| to|| who||
|-
|-
|or|| or|||| ||ef|| as if|| ||ünx..enx (ünx)||neither...nor||||et|| how||
|se|| still/yet||||fu||unless||||ça / fo elo ge||||as long as||tö|| why||
|-
|-
|ey|| but|||| ||if|| if|| ||ay (adj.)||as.(adjective).as|||| it|| why||
|pe|| either||||ha||while||||fü.. (so)..x||||whether...or ..not||tu||when||
|-
|-
|oy|| still/yet||||||of||in case that(of)||||ay.ehe||as long as||||ot,ot.in,ot.iç|| where,to-,from-||
|ro|| however||||du||that||||||||||tü||how||
|}
|}
'''
'''
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
Line 624: Line 641:
!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
|-
|-
|'''_ş, ç, v'''||    ||||||'''_s, z, y'''||    ||
|'''y_, ş, g'''||    ||||||'''k_, l, m, n'''||    ||
|-
|-
|'''_V*ş'''||  |||||| '''_V*s'''||  ||
|'''_şV*'''||  |||||| '''_kV*'''||  ||
|-
|-
|aş|| at|| ||||as|| between||
|şa|| after|| ||||le|| between||
|-
|-
|eş|| yes/OK|| ||||es|| among||
|şe|| before|| ||||kö|| among||
|-
|-
|iş|| for|| |||||is|| near||
|şo|| for|| |||||ko|| across||
|-
|-
|oş|| no|||||| os|| beside||
|şu|| by|||||| ke|| beside||
|}
|}


Line 661: Line 678:


{|
{|
!Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
!Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson||
|-
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns||
|-
|-
|'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''||    || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''|| ||
|'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''||    |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*'''   
|-
|-
|isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
|isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more
|-
|iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
|-
|-
|isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
|iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| ||   || işe||most||
|-
|-
|ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
|isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none||
|-
|-
|isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
|ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none||
|-
|-
|isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
|isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each ||
|-
|-
| || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
|isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few||
|-
|-
||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
| || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)||
|-
|-
||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
|}
|}


Line 691: Line 707:


Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English:
{|
|what||  ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö
|-
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu
|-
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü
|-
|who||     ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam
|}


== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
Line 699: Line 727:


{|
{|
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
!'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
|-
|-
|Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
|Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go
|-
|-
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go
|-
|-
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)''
|-
|-
|Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
|Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled
|-
|-
|Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
|Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week)
|}
|}


Line 834: Line 862:
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|-  
|-  
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| e a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|-   
|-   
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||         jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|-  
|-  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||             fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||   fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|-  
|-  
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||       nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||   nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|-  
|-  
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
Line 860: Line 888:
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|-
|-
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|-  
|-  
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
Line 866: Line 894:
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|-  
|-  
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||   a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|}
|}


Line 928: Line 956:
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
|-
|-
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|-
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going
|-
|-
|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|-
|-
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado)  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)'' || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|-
|-
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|-
|-
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|-
|-
|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|-
|-
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana                        ||                         
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana''                         ||                         
|-
|-
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
Line 959: Line 989:
|-
|-
|}
|}
#…vowel for tense
.#…vowel for tense


“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
Line 969: Line 999:


{|
{|
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|-
|-
|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|}
|}


Line 977: Line 1,007:
'''
'''
{|
{|
|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|-
|-
|Plural-Bunyu      |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|Plural-''Bunyu''       |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|}
|}
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
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