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Aydın Baykara

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== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http//:aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http://aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
    
    
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
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!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
|-
|-
|_'''ka'''|| || heha.ka||-y||''pinky''
|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky''
|-  
|-  
|_ka;(x)_ka|| || ebi.ka, ebix.ka||-||''beauty'', ugliness
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness''
|-
|-
|_ka|| ||açü.ka, abax.ka||_dom,_hood||''freedom'', boredom, ''falsehood''
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom  
|-
|-
|_ka|| || ehi.ka,  atü.ka||_th, _(en)ce||''depth'', strength, ''prominence'', absence
|_ma|| || edo.ma||_th||''depth'', strength
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|(x)_ma|| || gav.amox.ma*||_cy||vacancy
|-
|-
|_ka|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|_ma|| || opö.ma||_(en)ce||''prominence'', absence, residence
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| ||göd.amox.ka(*)||_cy||''vacancy'', fluency, frequency
|_ma|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|_ma|| ||vof.azo.ma*||_(en)cy|| fluency, frequency
|-
|-
|_vunye|| || şı.vunye, ki.vunye||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|_ma|| || asa.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|-
|_vusdu|| || oşo.vusdu, ki.vusdu||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|}
|}
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
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==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
{|
{|
|adjective.verb ||edu.çeni ||telephone  
|adjective.verb ||çöt.ana ||telephone  
|-   
|-   
|adjective.verb ||edu.biyi ||television
|adjective.verb ||met.ana ||television
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edu. bayı ||telescope
|adjective.verb ||di*.sese ||telescope
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edux.bayı ||microscope
|adjective.verb ||bi.*sese ||microscope
|-
|-
|adjective.noun ||eme vondi ||lens/magnifier
|adjective.noun ||bi.vonga ||lens/magnifier
|-
|-
|verb.noun ||ene.n. vondi ||magnifying glass
|verb.noun ||gam.vonga ||magnifying glass
|-
|-
|adjective.noun||şo.bangı||something
|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something
|}
|}
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
.*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.


“Yes” and “No”: “Ay” and “Ya” (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)
'''Yes''' and '''No''': '''Ay''' and '''Ya''' (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)


== VERBS of ABCL ==
== VERBS of ABCL ==
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As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
{|
{|
|'''kaf'''||||||set up||||||'''kef'''||||||set down||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''kif'''||||||fasten
|'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''köf'''||||||force
|-
|-
|kah||||||dig||||||keh||||||fill||||||kıh||||||  ||||||kih||||||excavate
|kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh||||||  ||||||köh||||||hew
|-
|-
|kak||||||walk||||||kek||||||preserve||||||kık||||||  ||||||kik||||||fit
|kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık||||||  ||||||kök||||||connect
|-
|-
|kal||||||open||||||kel||||||close||||||kıl||||||  ||||||kil||||||shut down
|kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl||||||  ||||||köl||||||line
|-
|-
|kam||||||pull||||||kem||||||push||||||kım||||||  ||||||kim||||||twist
|kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım||||||  ||||||köm||||||modify/alter
|-
|-
|kan||||||take||||||ken||||||give||||||kın||||||take away ||||||kin||||||bring
|kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın||||||  ||||||kön||||||
|-
|-
|kap||||||throw/fling||||||kep||||||dart||||||kıp||||||  ||||||kip||||||kick
|kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press ||||||köp||||||push
|-
|-
|kar||||||hit||||||ker||||||crush/bump||||||kır||||||bust  ||||||kir||||||catch
|kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase
|-
|-
|kas||||||cut||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||  ||||||kis||||||divide
|kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt ||||||kös||||||shear
|-
|-
|}
|}


Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
=== DERIVED VERBS ===
=== DERIVED VERBS ===


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''
''
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_k'''|| || çanko.k, dengo.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|-  
|-  
|(noun)_k|| || pesçi.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_l'''|| ||vesne.l/posbo.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
|'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up
|-
|-
|(noun)_l|| || vönni.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|-
|-
|(noun)_lx|| ||tanrı.lx||get …||''get no fever''
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky''
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever''
|}
|}


==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
|-Example:
Examples:
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''_l, _lx'''|| ||efi.l- efil.x||''be new-become old''
|'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ene.l- enel.x||''greaten/biggen-become small/diminish''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||emi.l- emi.lx||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||egi.l- egix.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
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{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples ''  
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples'''  ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)''  
|-
|-
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... (infinite)/!||to run, to eat / /'''run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|}
|}


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Examples for Root Adjectives:
Examples for Root Adjectives:
{|
{|
!Indefinite (Quantifier): şV*||||English|| || ||DQ: eC*e|||| ||Physical Descr. of Things|| ||DP: aC*i|||| ||Person-Behaviour
!Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*||||English|| || ||Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V*|| |||| || || ||Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V*
|-
|-
|şa|| ||more|||| ||ebe-x|||| ||sweet-bitter|| ||abi-x|||| ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|-
|-
|şe|| ||most|||| ||ece||||- |||| ||aci-x|||| ||fair-biased  
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased  
|-
|-
|şi-şix|| ||several/many/much -few/little|||| ||eçe|||| ||sour|| ||açi-x|||| ||just-devious
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
|-
|-
|şo-şox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||ede-x|||| ||hot-cold|| ||adi-x|||| ||sedate-excited
|öşo-öşox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||oho-x||hot-cold|| |||| || ||aşe-x||sedate-excited
|-
|-
|şö|| ||each|||| ||efe-x|||| ||warm- cool|| ||afi|||| ||superficial
|öşö|| ||each|||| ||ova-x|| warm- cool|| |||| || ||asu||superficial
|-
|-
|şu-şux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||ege-x|||| ||wide-narrow|| ||agi|||| ||keen/eager
|öşu-öşux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||eva-x||wide-narrow|| |||| || ||aki||keen/eager
|}
|}


Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their
'''Possessive Determiners:''' az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their


Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
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Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
{|
{|
!_ado-adox||||_ful-less||||(_azo)ado||||_ant/-ent||||_ako||||_able, _ible||||_amo||||p.p _ed/irregular
!'''_ado-adox'''||||_ful-less||||(_azo)'''_ado'''||||_ant/-ent||||'''_amo'''||||_able, _ible||||'''_ono'''||||p.p _ed/irregular||||_iko||||_ing
|-
|-
|bip.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||tüm.ado||||relaxant||||kir.ako||||breakable||||dul.amo||||boiled
|boh.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||nel.ado||||relaxant||||keb.amo||||breakable||||dol.ono||||boiled||||ted.iko||||dancing
|-
|-
|yaz.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sik.ado||||pleasant||||moy.ako||||admirable||||mad.amo||||known
|bus.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sip.ado||||pleasant||||mir.amo||||admirable||||bon.ono||||known||||tis.iko||||singing
|-
|-
|rol.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||feh.ado||||dominant||||höç.akox||||incredible||||bür.amo||||worried
|roh.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||fur.ado||||dominant||||höç.amox||||incredible||||muv.ono||||worried||||moh.iko||||terrifying
|}
|}


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Examples
Examples
{|
{|
!_do||||_ful, _ous||||_dox||||-less, in-, ir-||||_ko||||_able,_ible
!'''_do'''||||_ful, _ous||||'''_dox'''||||-less, in-, ir-||||_'''no'''||||_able,_ible
|-
|-
|pasba.do||||peaceful||||pasba.dox||||hope.less||||pösvi.ko||||fashionable
|fenpü.do||||peaceful||||bonho.dox||||hope.less||||posfa.no||||fashionable
|-
|-
|sinte.do||||handful||||camya.dox||||timeless||||pisbe.ko||||taxable
|sonye.do||||handful||||camti.dox||||timeless||||halta.no||||taxable
|-
|-
|pössi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||hanya.dox||||homeless||||menyö.ko||||sociable
|minşi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||pasha.dox||||homeless||||||||
|}
|}


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{|
{|
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln||||10 Mln-90 Mln
|-
|-
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv||||#ip
|-
|-
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv||||bip
|-
|-
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv||||çip
|-
|-
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
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!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
|-
|-
!'''oçV*'''|||| '''oşV*'''||||||'''oyV*'''||||||'''öyV*'''||
!'''V*s'''|||| '''V*ş'''||||||'''V*m'''||||||'''V*ç'''||
|-
|-
|oça||yet||oşa||more,_er||||oya||ahead/forward||||öya||otherwise||
|as||always||aş||more,_er||||am||ahead/forward||||oç||together||
|-
|-
|oçe||still||oşe||most||||oye-x||in(side)-out(side)||||öye||aright||
|es||yet/still||eş||most||||üm-em||in(side)-out(side)||||üç||enough||
|-
|-
!uçV*|| || öşV*
!V*t|| ||
|-
|-
|uça|| immediately|| öşa|| often
|it|| now|| iş|| all
|-
|-
|uço|| now|| öşi|| some||
|ot|| tomorrow|| oş|| some||
|}
|}


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==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
'''  
'''  
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_içe||||fag.içe||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|_r**||||feh.r||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|-
|-
|_içe||||eh.içe||||_ing(ly)||||''laughingly'', knowingly||
|_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly||
|}
|}
.*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing”
.**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”)


'''
'''
==== Derived from Root Adjectives ====
==== Derived from Root/Derived Adjectives ====
'''
'''
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çi||||fag.ado.çi||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', notably, passably, incredibly, fortunately||
|_r||||feh.ado.r, banlu.dox.r||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', ''unfortunately'' notably, passably, incredibly||
|-
|_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|-
|_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' ||
|-
|-
|_çi||||ebi.çi (ebix.çi), atö.çi||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|}
|}


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!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çö||||pisba.çö, monba.çö ||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly''||
|_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r
''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)''
||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''(un)econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)||
|-
|-
|_ça||||süb.ça, hünbe.ça, ehe.ça||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|}
|}
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Line 605: Line 615:


{|
{|
!Coordinating||  ||||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|| ||||Interrogative||
!Coordinating||  ||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|||| ||Interrogative||
|-
|-
|Conjunct.||  ||||||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|| ||||Conjunct.||
|Conjunct.|||| ||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|||| ||as Subordinate Conjunct.||
|-
|-
|'''_y, k, p, r''': C*||  ||||||'''_f, l, m''':C*
|'''p_, r, s, v''': varied vowels||  ||||'''h_, f, d, ç, b''':: varied vowels
|-
|-
|'''V*n'''|| ||||||'''V*f'''|| ||||||||||'''V*t'''||
|'''sV*'''|| ||||'''fV*'''|| ||||||||||'''tV*'''||
|-
|-
|i ||and|||| ||af|| even if||||ün…en (ün)||either...or||||at|| what||
|sa ||and|||| fa|| even if||||pe…so (pe)||||either...or||ta|| what||
|-
|-
|or|| or|||| ||ef|| as if|| ||ünx..enx (ünx)||neither...nor||||et|| how||
|so|| or|||| fö|| as if|| ||pex..so ||||neither...nor||te|| where||
|-
|-
|ey|| but|||| ||if|| if|| ||ay (adj.)||as.(adjective).as|||| it|| why||
|su|| but|||| fe||if/in case|| ||ça/fo (adj)…ge||||as.(adjective).as|| to|| who||
|-
|-
|oy|| still/yet||||||of||in case that(of)||||ay.ehe||as long as||||ot,ot.in,ot.iç|| where,to-,from-||
|se|| still/yet||||fu||unless||||ça / fo elo ge||||as long as||tö|| why||
|-
|pe|| either||||ha||while||||fü.. (so)..x||||whether...or ..not||tu||when||
|-
|ro|| however||||du||that||||||||||tü||how||
|}
|}
'''
'''
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
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!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
|-
|-
|'''_ş, ç, v'''||    ||||||'''_s, z, y'''||    ||
|'''y_, ş, g'''||    ||||||'''k_, l, m, n'''||    ||
|-
|-
|'''_V*ş'''||  |||||| '''_V*s'''||  ||
|'''_şV*'''||  |||||| '''_kV*'''||  ||
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|-
|aş|| at|| ||||as|| between||
|şa|| after|| ||||le|| between||
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|eş|| yes/OK|| ||||es|| among||
|şe|| before|| ||||kö|| among||
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|-
|iş|| for|| |||||is|| near||
|şo|| for|| |||||ko|| across||
|-
|-
|oş|| no|||||| os|| beside||
|şu|| by|||||| ke|| beside||
|}
|}


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{|
{|
!Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
!Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson||
|-
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns||
|-
|-
|'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''||    || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''|| ||
|'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''||    |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*'''   
|-
|-
|isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
|isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more
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|-
|iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
|iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| ||  || işe||most||
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|-
|isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
|isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none||
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|-
|ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
|ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none||
|-
|-
|isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
|isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each ||
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|-
|isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
|isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few||
|-
|-
| || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
| || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)||
|-
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||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
|-
||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
|}
|}


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Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English:
{|
|what||  ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö
|-
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu
|-
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü
|-
|who||     ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam
|}


== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
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{|
{|
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
!'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
|-
|-
|Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
|Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go
|-
|-
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go
|-
|-
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)''
|-
|-
|Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
|Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled
|-
|-
|Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
|Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week)
|}
|}


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|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|-  
|-  
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| e a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|-   
|-   
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||         jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|-  
|-  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||             fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||   fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|-  
|-  
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||       nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||   nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|-  
|-  
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
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|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|-
|-
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|-  
|-  
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
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|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|-  
|-  
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||   a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|}
|}


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!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
|-
|-
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|-
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going
|-
|-
|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|-
|-
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado)  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)'' || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|-
|-
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|-
|-
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|-
|-
|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|-
|-
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana                        ||                         
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana''                         ||                         
|-
|-
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
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|-
|-
|}
|}
#…vowel for tense
.#…vowel for tense


“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
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{|
{|
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|-
|-
|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|}
|}


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'''
'''
{|
{|
|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|-
|-
|Plural-Bunyu      |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|Plural-''Bunyu''       |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|}
|}
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
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