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Aydın Baykara

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|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky''
|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky''
|-  
|-  
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebix.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness''
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness''
|-
|-
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom  
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom  
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|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something
|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something
|}
|}
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
.*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.


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|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|-
|-
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||efo-x||fair-biased  
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased  
|-
|-
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
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{|
{|
!Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
!Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson||
|-
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns||
|-
|-
|'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''||    || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''|| ||
|'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''||    |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*'''   
|-
|-
|isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
|isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more
|-
|-
|iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
|iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| ||  || işe||most||
|-
|-
|isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
|isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none||
|-
|-
|ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
|ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none||
|-
|-
|isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
|isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each ||
|-
|-
|isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
|isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few||
|-
|-
| || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
| || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)||
|-
|-
||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
|-
||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
|}
|}


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Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English:
{|
|what||  ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö
|-
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu
|-
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü
|-
|who||     ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam
|}


== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
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{|
{|
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
!'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
|-
|-
|Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
|Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go
|-
|-
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go
|-
|-
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)''
|-
|-
|Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
|Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled
|-
|-
|Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
|Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week)
|}
|}


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|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|-  
|-  
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| e a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|-   
|-   
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||         jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|-  
|-  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||             fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||   fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|-  
|-  
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||       nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||   nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|-  
|-  
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
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|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|-
|-
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|-  
|-  
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
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|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|-  
|-  
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||   a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|}
|}


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!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
|-
|-
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|-
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going
|-
|-
|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|-
|-
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado)  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)'' || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|-
|-
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|-
|-
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|-
|-
|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
|-
|-
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana                        ||                         
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana''                         ||                         
|-
|-
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
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|-
|-
|}
|}
#…vowel for tense
.#…vowel for tense


“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
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{|
{|
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|-
|-
|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|}
|}


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'''
'''
{|
{|
|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|-
|-
|Plural-Bunyu      |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|Plural-''Bunyu''       |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i  |||||| |||| ||hanho.i    ||||||| ||_s -  (houses)
|}
|}
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
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