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== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) == | == Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) == | ||
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http// | “AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http://aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com) | ||
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too. ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use. | It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too. ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use. | ||
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'''ABCL nouns of group S#N##* ''(BODY)''''' (selected partially as example) | '''ABCL nouns of group S#N##* ''(BODY)''''' (selected partially as example) | ||
''' | '''SİN: ''HEAD''''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
! | !SinC*a,e: Primary|| || || SinC*e-i-o-ö-ü: Secondary | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| | {| | ||
! | !sin#a,e|| || || sin#e,i|| || || sin#i,o|| || ||sin#o,ö|| || || sin#ö,ü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinha||head || || sinhe||eye brow || || sinhi||eye lash || || sinhö||... || || sinhü|| ... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinbe||skull || || sinbi||scalp|| || || || ||sinbö ||jaw,chin || || sinbü||cheekbone | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinfa||face || || sinfe||cheek|| || sinfo||forehead || || sinfö||jaw|| || sinfü|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinma||mouth || || sinme||palate || || sinmi||lip || || sinmo||tongue|| || sinmö||poach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinna||nose || || sinni||sinus || || sinno||nostril || || sinnö||nosal bone|| || sinnü|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|........... | |........... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinta||tooth || || sinte||canine tooth|| || sinti||grinder || || sinto||foretooth|| || sintu||gum | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinye||eye || || sinyi||iris|| || sinyo||eyelid || || sinyö|||| || sinyü||pupil | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sinze||ear || || sinzi||inner ear|| || sinzo||earlobe || || sinzö||middle ear || || sinzü|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==== Deverbal Nouns ==== | ==== Deverbal Nouns ==== | ||
{| | {| | ||
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns ( | !'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix Level 2'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun (Level 2)'''||||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples''', ''(nouns given in italic translated in ABCL only)'' | ||
|- | |||
|'''_aya'''|| || _aya|| || kuc.aya|| ||_, _age, _ure||''cut'', bore, leakage, creature | |||
|- | |||
|_aya|| || _aya|| || çöp.aya|| ||_/t)ion||''protrusion'', indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation | |||
|- | |||
|_aya|| || _aya|| || reh.aya|| ||||''heap'' | |||
|- | |||
|_aya|| || _aya|| || han.aya|| ||_ing||''building'', being, writing, dead, smell, piping | |||
|- | |||
|_aya|| || _aya|| || hic.aha|| ||_ate||''certificate'' | |||
|- | |||
|... | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |mozzo|| ||_aha|| || moz.zo (moz.aha)|| ||_ence||''joy'', fun, thought, excellence | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |höm.mö|| || _aha|| || höm.mö, tez.ze|| ||_ment||''employment, enjoyment'', amazement, imprisonment, replacement | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |''(Verb's last two letters reverse repeated)'' | ||
|- | |||
|'''CVC.CV''' || || _aha|| || bol.lo (bol.aha)|| ||||''love'',liking, praise | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''(nomina actionis-name of the action)'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||| || _ada|| || nel.le (nel.ada)|| ||_(t-,s-)ion||''relaxation'', attention, selection, evaporation, introduction | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |rez.ze|| || _ada|| || rez.ze (rez.ada)|| ||_ancy||''expectancy'',tendency, (walk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |yun.na|| || _afa|| || yun.na(yun.afa)|| ||_ing (gerund)||''running,''beginning, rejoicing | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |..... | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_'''ana'''|| || _ama|| || | |_'''ana'''|| || _ama|| || höm.ama|| ||_er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier||''employer'', student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_ana|| || _ana|| || | |_ana|| || _ana|| || vus.ana|| ||_er||''counter'', cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_aya|| || _aşa|| || dan.aşa|| ||_||''dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment'' | |_aya|| || _aşa|| || dan.aşa|| ||_||''dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_'''asa'''|| || _asa|| || | |_'''asa'''|| || _asa|| || höm.asa|| ||_ee||''employee'', refugee, trainee | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_'''aça'''|| || _aça|| || | |_'''aça'''|| || _aça|| || vüp.aça|| ||_(e)ry||''refinery'', bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_aça|| || _aca|| || dir.aca|| ||_ing, _tion||''bedding'', station (bus stop), aim/target, passage | |_aça|| || _aca|| || dir.aca|| ||_ing, _tion||''bedding'', station (bus stop), aim/target, passage | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.) | According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.) | ||
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5. The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used. | So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5. The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns (for things, e.g. bedding, passage) principally. | ||
As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used. | |||
Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed. | Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed. | ||
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!'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)''' | !'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_'''da''' | |_'''da'''|| || _da|| || salma.da ''(for abstract nouns)''|| _hood,_ness,_ity||''motherhood'', friendship, military, kingdom | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_da|| || _ha|| || | |_da|| || _ha|| ||sinhe.ha|| ||''spectacles'', woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German) | ||
|- | |||
|_da|| || _ya|| ||salma.ya ''(diminutiv)''||-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette ||''mummy'', doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |'''_ba'''|| || _va|| ||pespo.va (sulpo) ''(affiliation to people- group)''||-ian/-er/-man/-ist ||''politician'', librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ba|| || _sa|| ||Türkiye.sa||-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se||''Turkish'', Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ba|| || _ba|| ||sölce.ba||_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r||''citizen'', villager, republican, English, German (folk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ba|| || _ra|| ||vatne.ra / sülne||_eer||''engineer'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''_ta''' | |'''_ta'''|| || _ta|| ||banba.ta ''(relating to a branch, area)''||_logy,_nomy,_graphy||''biology'', psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography | ||
|- | |||
|'''_ga'''|| || _ga|| ||pasna.ga; pisrö.ga||_ism||''nationalism; racism'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English | ||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English | ||
|- | |- | ||
||| || | |Suffix replaced by compound words|| ||such as || ||"heat gauge"|| -meter||thermometer | ||
|} | |} | ||
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism” and "ta" for scientific nouns. | For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism” and "ta" for scientific nouns. | ||
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!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)''' | !'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_''' | |_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| || edo.ma||_th||''depth'', strength | ||
|- | |- | ||
|(x) | |(x)_ma|| || gav.amox.ma*||_cy||vacancy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| || opö.ma||_(en)ce||''prominence'', absence, residence | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| ||vof.azo.ma*||_(en)cy|| fluency, frequency | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_ma|| || asa.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business | ||
|- | |||
|_vusdu|| || oşo.vusdu, ki.vusdu||_gon||''polygon, pentagon'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo". | (*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo". | ||
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==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ==== | ==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ==== | ||
{| | {| | ||
|adjective.verb || | |adjective.verb ||çöt.ana ||telephone | ||
|- | |- | ||
|adjective.verb || | |adjective.verb ||met.ana ||television | ||
|- | |- | ||
|adjective.verb || | |adjective.verb ||di*.sese ||telescope | ||
|- | |- | ||
|adjective.verb || | |adjective.verb ||bi.*sese ||microscope | ||
|- | |- | ||
|adjective.noun || | |adjective.noun ||bi.vonga ||lens/magnifier | ||
|- | |- | ||
|verb.noun || | |verb.noun ||gam.vonga ||magnifying glass | ||
|- | |- | ||
|adjective.noun||şo. | |adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used. | .*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used. | ||
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective. | In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective. | ||
'''Yes''' and '''No''': '''Ay''' and '''Ya''' (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here) | |||
== VERBS of ABCL == | == VERBS of ABCL == | ||
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As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below: | As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below: | ||
{| | {| | ||
|'''kaf'''|||||| | |'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''|||||| ||||||'''köf'''||||||force | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kah|||||| | |kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh|||||| ||||||köh||||||hew | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kak|||||| | |kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık|||||| ||||||kök||||||connect | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kal|||||| | |kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl|||||| ||||||köl||||||line | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kam|||||| | |kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım|||||| ||||||köm||||||modify/alter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kan|||||| | |kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın|||||| ||||||kön|||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kap|||||| | |kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press ||||||köp||||||push | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kar|||||| | |kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kas|||||| | |kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt ||||||kös||||||shear | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English. | Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English. | ||
=== DERIVED VERBS === | === DERIVED VERBS === | ||
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'' | '' | ||
{| | {| | ||
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' | !'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''(noun)_k'''|| || | |'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise | ||
|- | |- | ||
|(noun)_k|| || | |(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''(noun)_l'''|| || | |'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up | ||
|- | |- | ||
|(noun)_l|| || | |(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi), | ||
|- | |- | ||
|(noun) | |(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky'' | ||
|- | |||
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ==== | ==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ==== | ||
Examples: | |||
{| | {| | ||
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' | !'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''_l, | |'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_l, | |_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_l, | |_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_l, | |_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|_l, | |_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| | {| | ||
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples '' | !'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples''' ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... (infinite)/!||to run, to eat | |'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Examples for Root Adjectives: | Examples for Root Adjectives: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!Indefinite (Quantifier): | !Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*||||English|| || ||Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V*|| |||| || || ||Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V* | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |öşo-öşox|| ||some_ - any_|||| ||oho-x||hot-cold|| |||| || ||aşe-x||sedate-excited | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |öşö|| ||each|||| ||ova-x|| warm- cool|| |||| || ||asu||superficial | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |öşu-öşux|| ||every_ -no_|||| ||eva-x||wide-narrow|| |||| || ||aki||keen/eager | ||
|} | |} | ||
Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their | '''Possessive Determiners:''' az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their | ||
Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally. | Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally. | ||
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Examples for Deverbal Adjectives: | Examples for Deverbal Adjectives: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!_ado-adox||||_ful-less||||(_azo) | !'''_ado-adox'''||||_ful-less||||(_azo)'''_ado'''||||_ant/-ent||||'''_amo'''||||_able, _ible||||'''_ono'''||||p.p _ed/irregular||||_iko||||_ing | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |boh.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||nel.ado||||relaxant||||keb.amo||||breakable||||dol.ono||||boiled||||ted.iko||||dancing | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bus.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sip.ado||||pleasant||||mir.amo||||admirable||||bon.ono||||known||||tis.iko||||singing | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |roh.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||fur.ado||||dominant||||höç.amox||||incredible||||muv.ono||||worried||||moh.iko||||terrifying | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Examples | Examples | ||
{| | {| | ||
!_do||||_ful, _ous||||_dox||||-less, in-, ir-|||| | !'''_do'''||||_ful, _ous||||'''_dox'''||||-less, in-, ir-||||_'''no'''||||_able,_ible | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |fenpü.do||||peaceful||||bonho.dox||||hope.less||||posfa.no||||fashionable | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sonye.do||||handful||||camti.dox||||timeless||||halta.no||||taxable | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |minşi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||pasha.dox||||homeless|||||||| | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 467: | Line 485: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln | !||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln||||10 Mln-90 Mln | ||
|- | |- | ||
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv | !||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv||||#ip | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv | |1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv||||bip | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv | |2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv||||çip | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...|||| | |3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...|||| | ||
Line 526: | Line 544: | ||
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive) | !'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!''' | !'''V*s'''|||| '''V*ş'''||||||'''V*m'''||||||'''V*ç'''|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |as||always||aş||more,_er||||am||ahead/forward||||oç||together|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |es||yet/still||eş||most||||üm-em||in(side)-out(side)||||üç||enough|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !V*t|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |it|| now|| iş|| all | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ot|| tomorrow|| oş|| some|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 550: | Line 568: | ||
==== Derived from Root Verbs ==== | ==== Derived from Root Verbs ==== | ||
''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_r**||||feh.r|||| ||||help(ing)fully|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
.*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing” | |||
.**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”) | |||
''' | ''' | ||
==== Derived from Root Adjectives ==== | ==== Derived from Root/Derived Adjectives ==== | ||
''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_r||||feh.ado.r, banlu.dox.r||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', ''unfortunately'' notably, passably, incredibly|| | ||
|- | |||
|_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly|| | |||
|- | |||
|_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' || | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 576: | Line 597: | ||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r | ||
''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)'' | |||
||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''(un)econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss, away, along'', ahead, apart, alone || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r” | Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r” | ||
Line 592: | Line 615: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!Coordinating|| | !Coordinating|| ||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|||| ||Interrogative|| | ||
|- | |||
|Conjunct.|||| ||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|||| ||as Subordinate Conjunct.|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |'''p_, r, s, v''': varied vowels|| ||||'''h_, f, d, ç, b''':: varied vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''sV*'''|| ||||'''fV*'''|| ||||||||||'''tV*'''|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |sa ||and|||| fa|| even if||||pe…so (pe)||||either...or||ta|| what|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |so|| or|||| fö|| as if|| ||pex..so ||||neither...nor||te|| where|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |su|| but|||| fe||if/in case|| ||ça/fo (adj)…ge||||as.(adjective).as|| to|| who|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |se|| still/yet||||fu||unless||||ça / fo elo ge||||as long as||tö|| why|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |pe|| either||||ha||while||||fü.. (so)..x||||whether...or ..not||tu||when|| | ||
|- | |||
|ro|| however||||du||that||||||||||tü||how|| | |||
|} | |} | ||
''' | ''' | ||
=== PREPOSITIONS === | === PREPOSITIONS === | ||
Line 615: | Line 641: | ||
!Preposition|| ||||||Locational Prepos.|| || | !Preposition|| ||||||Locational Prepos.|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''y_, ş, g'''|| ||||||'''k_, l, m, n'''|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''_şV*'''|| |||||| '''_kV*'''|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şa|| after|| ||||le|| between|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şe|| before|| ||||kö|| among|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şo|| for|| |||||ko|| across|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |şu|| by|||||| ke|| beside|| | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 652: | Line 678: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!Demonstr.|| |||| | !Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson|| | ||
|- | |||
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''is.V*''' | |'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''|| |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|isa|| this | |isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| || || işe||most|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || |||| | |isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
||| || || |||| | | || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 682: | Line 707: | ||
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?) | Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?) | ||
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English: | |||
{| | |||
|what|| ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö | |||
|- | |||
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu | |||
|- | |||
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü | |||
|- | |||
|who|| ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam | |||
|} | |||
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL == | == TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL == | ||
Line 690: | Line 727: | ||
{| | {| | ||
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English | !'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Future|||| _a|||| | |Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Simple present|||| _e|||| | |Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| | |Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Simple past ( | |Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Durational past( | |Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 825: | Line 862: | ||
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively) | |'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| | |If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || | |Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç a fe a çayö o? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten || | |If I had been hungry, I would have eaten || fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it|| | |Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it|| nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx | ||
|- | |- | ||
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa … | |If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa … | ||
Line 851: | Line 888: | ||
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç … | |Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| | |I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du a rego.çx … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa | |I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa | ||
Line 857: | Line 894: | ||
|'''''Future-clauses:''''' | |'''''Future-clauses:''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || | |I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 919: | Line 956: | ||
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent''' | !'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe - if I feel well | |Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe - if I feel well | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go | |Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ergative (Intrans. to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)'' || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana || | |Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep - get painted (boyattırmak) | ||
|- | |||
|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana'' || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ---Present subjunctive || _k --|| tisek - would sing | | ---Present subjunctive || _k --|| tisek - would sing | ||
Line 950: | Line 989: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#…vowel for tense | .#…vowel for tense | ||
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş” | “Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş” | ||
Line 960: | Line 999: | ||
{| | {| | ||
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi|| _v|||| bol.#v | |Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love … | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an")|| _s|||| sen.e.s | |Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 968: | Line 1,007: | ||
''' | ''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||| _z|||||||||| şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü | |Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Plural-Bunyu |||||| |||| | |Plural-''Bunyu'' |||||| |||||| || |||| ||_i |||||| |||| ||hanho.i ||||||| ||_s - (houses) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes, applicable in Level 2 only: | Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes, applicable in Level 2 only: | ||
Line 1,076: | Line 1,115: | ||
'''The Old Man and the Sea'''<br> | '''The Old Man and the Sea'''<br> | ||
Solmo (ayox solma) sa Vinse <br> | --Solmo (ayox solma) sa Vinse <br> | ||
He was an old man who fished alone in a vessel/skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him.<br> | He was an old man who fished alone in a vessel/skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him.<br> | ||
U bab.o solmo to tüm.ü şenfi alü.r (mü) vitve mü G-S sa u yog.u six ki camda it nex katiş şenfi. Mü oyür kix camda solbo bab.u ne u.<br> | --U bab.o solmo to tüm.ü şenfi alü.r (mü) vitve mü G-S sa u yog.u six ki camda it nex katiş şenfi. Mü oyür kix camda solbo bab.u ne u.<br> | ||
But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is (the worst form of unlucky), and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.<br> | But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is (the worst form of unlucky), and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.<br> | ||
Su şa kix camda nex şenfi, solbo.z salpa çet.o u du solmo bab.o it nodir sa çenfir “salao”, ti (benzü.z eş ego.x vusfu), sa solbo yog.o ma üz porroi (mü) opu vitbo, ti kek.o fi ego şenfi oyü camva.<br> | --Su şa kix camda nex şenfi, solbo.z salpa çet.o u du solmo bab.o it nodir sa çenfir “salao”, ti (benzü.z eş ego.x vusfu), sa solbo yog.o ma üz porroi (mü) opu vitbo, ti kek.o fi ego şenfi oyü camva.<br> | ||
To see the old man that he come back each day with his empty skiff, made boy unhappy.ly and he always went down for helping him carrying either coil.ed lines or gaff and harpoon and sail that(ki o) was wrapped/furled around pole/mast.<br> | To see the old man that he come back each day with his empty skiff, made boy unhappy.ly and he always went down for helping him carrying either coil.ed lines or gaff and harpoon and sail that(ki o) was wrapped/furled around pole/mast.<br> | ||
Seseş solmo du u yut.o öşö camda ne uz efux vitve, bam.o solbo ohaxir sa u as yog.o omur şo feh.he u kac.iş pe koç.ono tümle.i so tümge sa tümhe sa vitsa do kıvon (ük) vitpo.<br> | --Seseş solmo du u yut.o öşö camda ne uz efux vitve, bam.o solbo ohaxir sa u as yog.o omur şo feh.he u kac.iş pe koç.ono tümle.i so tümge sa tümhe sa vitsa do kıvon (ük) vitpo.<br> | ||
The sail was patched with flour sacks and furled, it looked like the flag permanent defeat of.<br> | The sail was patched with flour sacks and furled, it looked like the flag permanent defeat of.<br> | ||
Vitsa dap.o.n ne denfi dünsa.i sa kıv.on, u bul.o.m ge çanfu yo obe fönde (fönde.z çanfu). | --Vitsa dap.o.n ne denfi dünsa.i sa kıv.on, u bul.o.m ge çanfu yo obe fönde (fönde.z çanfu). | ||
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck (his neck’s back). | The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck (his neck’s back). | ||
--Solbo bab.o ete.x sa apı.x ne edo çüv.ayai mü uz sonhe.z vünba.<br> | |||
The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer (which) the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic see were on his cheeks. | The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer (which) the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic see were on his cheeks. | ||
Uçe lüb.ayai yo abe sansi tenka (abe sansi tenka.z uçe lübbüi) do vessu lib.e lü uz vüsfe/ver.re (mo) vintö.do vinse bab.o mu uz sinfe.i.<br> | --Uçe lüb.ayai yo abe sansi tenka (abe sansi tenka.z uçe lübbüi) do vessu lib.e lü uz vüsfe/ver.re (mo) vintö.do vinse bab.o mu uz sinfe.i.<br> | ||
The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. | The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. | ||
Lüb.ayai yun.o ani omur uz sinfa.z vünku sa uz sonyei bah.o edo-çüş.ono tünşei lü sah.ha ehe şenfi mu tümköi. | |||
--Lüb.ayai yun.o ani omur uz sinfa.z vünku sa uz sonyei bah.o edo-çüş.ono tünşei lü sah.ha ehe şenfi mu tümköi. | |||
But none of these scars were fresh. They were old as erosions in a fishless desert. | But none of these scars were fresh. They were old as erosions in a fishless desert. | ||
Su ose tünşe.i.z işix bab.o ofex. Ü bab.o ayox ge vanyo mü şenfi.dox vinde. | |||
--Su ose tünşe.i.z işix bab.o ofex. Ü bab.o ayox ge vanyo mü şenfi.dox vinde. | |||
Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. | Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. | ||
İşüba ga u bab.o ayox gü uz sinye.i sa ü bab.o esö vüsko ge vinse sa bab.o meç.ado sa fön.ono.x. | |||
--İşüba ga u bab.o ayox gü uz sinye.i sa ü bab.o esö vüsko ge vinse sa bab.o meç.ado sa fön.ono.x. | |||
“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. | “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. | ||
“Santiago,” solbo ças.o u he ü lic.o dinbi lü te vitve kah.on omurx. | --“Santiago,” solbo ças.o u he ü lic.o dinbi lü te vitve kah.on omurx. | ||
“I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.” | “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”<br> | ||
“A byog.e.k ne o ut. E bam.o öşo halmo” | |||
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. | --“A byog.e.k ne o ut. E bam.o öşo halmo” | ||
Solmo bet.o solbo tümeş şenfi sa solbo bol.o u. | |||
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.<br> | |||
--Solmo bet.o solbo tümeş şenfi sa solbo bol.o u. | |||
“No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” | “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” | ||
“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “O bab.o ne banludo vitbo. Yaşeş ne ü” | |||
--“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “O bab.o ne banludo vitbo. Yaşeş ne ü” | |||
“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones(piece) every day for three weeks.” | “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones(piece) every day for three weeks.” | ||
“Su bareş tü o yog.o six pi camda nex şenfi sa ar e kek.o ebi bi çinti öşü camda ho fi camva.” | |||
--“Su bareş tü o yog.o six pi camda nex şenfi sa ar e kek.o ebi bi çinti öşü camda ho fi camva.” | |||
“I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” | “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” | ||
--“A bar.e”, solmo ças.o. “A bon.e o lel.ox a be o bud.o.” | |||
“It was papa (who) made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” | “It was papa (who) made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” | ||
“U bab.o salfa (to) lel.o.p a. A solbo sa a çfob.e u.” | |||
--“U bab.o salfa (to) lel.o.p a. A solbo sa a çfob.e u.” | |||
“I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” | “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” | ||
“A bon.e” solmo ças. | |||
--“A bon.e” solmo ças.o. “U ul eno (bannu.do).” | |||
“He hasn’t much faith.” | “He hasn’t much faith.” | ||
“U bah.e.x oşu banfa.” | |||
--“U bah.e.x oşu banfa.” | |||
“No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” | “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” | ||
“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “Su e bah.e. J.e bah.e.x? | |||
--“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “Su e bah.e. J.e bah.e.x? | |||
‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” | ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” | ||
“Ay”, solbo ças.o. “J.a b.füt.e o denbe (mo) hante sa ar e kat.a çonşu pasha.” | |||
--“Ay”, solbo ças.o. “J.a b.füt.e o denbe (mo) hante sa ar e kat.a çonşu pasha.” | |||
“Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” | “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” | ||
“Otux?” solmo ças.o. “ Le şenfi.na.i” | |||
They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen | --“Otux?” solmo ças.o. “ Le şenfi.na.i” | ||
Ü yis.o (mo) hante sa şenfi.na.i.z oşu.ma (oşuma yo şenfi.na.i) bam.o (tom.o) tomya yo solmo sa u bab.o.x ayö. | |||
They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. | |||
--Ü yis.o (mo) hante sa şenfi.na.i.z oşu.ma (oşuma yo şenfi.na.i) bam.o (tom.o) tomya yo solmo sa u bab.o.x ayö. | |||
Others of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. | Others of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. | ||
İpui yo aş ayo.x şenfi.ba.i, bul.o u sa bab.o asa. | |||
But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of what they had seen. | --İpui yo aş ayo.x şenfi.ba.i, bul.o u sa bab.o asa. | ||
Su ü koş.o.x u sa ü çeş.o apo.r ga vencü sa edo.ma.i te ü yud.o üz tümlei sa obe ego venve sa yo ta ü ses.o. | |||
But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of what they had seen. | |||
--Su ü koş.o.x u sa ü çeş.o apo.r ga vencü sa edo.ma.i te ü yud.o üz tümlei sa obe ego venve sa yo ta ü ses.o. | |||
The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice lorry/truck to carry them to the market in Havana. | The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice lorry/truck to carry them to the market in Havana. | ||
Camda.z suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.ba.i (yo osu camda) bab.o oy mü sa dub.o üz şenma em sa kac.o ü yel.o.n efu vutma ko çi hönpi, ne çi solma yüş.iş ma çenfi yo öşö hönpi, lu şenfi hanho te ü rav.o şo vönvi vitlo kacoş ü (lu) hinmi in Havana. | |||
--Camda.z suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.ba.i (yo osu camda) bab.o oy mü sa dub.o üz şenma em sa kac.o ü yel.o.n efu vutma ko çi hönpi, ne çi solma yüş.iş ma çenfi yo öşö hönpi, lu şenfi hanho te ü rav.o şo vönvi vitlo kacoş ü (lu) hinmi in Havana. | |||
Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. | Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. | ||
İsü to kek.o şenrii, kat.o ü (lu şenri hinfa mu opu vunsi yo vinko te ü koh.o.n mu koh.ana, üz senlii lomo.n, üz sünfii kuc.o.n öl sa üz sansii diş.o.n sa üz sunfe kuc.o.n (mü)(lu) çanşıi şo denso.k.ko. | |||
--İsü to kek.o şenrii, kat.o ü (lu şenri hinfa mu opu vunsi yo vinko te ü koh.o.n mu koh.ana, üz senlii lomo.n, üz sünfii kuc.o.n öl sa üz sansii diş.o.n sa üz sunfe kuc.o.n (mü)(lu) çanşıi şo denso.k.ko. | |||
When the wind was in the east a smell came across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. | When the wind was in the east a smell came across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. | ||
Tu venvi bab.o mü vundo miş.şi yom.o ko hunpo lü şenşa hinfa; su at efü vusyu yo miş.şi bebo öf be venvi sub.o mü lu vunno sa ar şod.o öl sa u bab.o apü sa vessu.do(lo) (mo) hante. | |||
--Tu venvi bab.o mü vundo miş.şi yom.o ko hunpo lü şenşa hinfa; su at efü vusyu yo miş.şi bebo öf be venvi sub.o mü lu vunno sa ar şod.o öl sa u bab.o apü sa vessu.do(lo) (mo) hante. | |||
“Santiago,” the boy said. | “Santiago,” the boy said. | ||
“Santiago,” solbo ças.o. | |||
--“Santiago,” solbo ças.o. | |||
“Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. | “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. | ||
“Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” | --“Ay” solmo ças.o. U loh.u uz dinga sa bit.ü (yo) oşü camya ey. | ||
Ja byog.a em reg.eş şensa.i şo u şo ot/camto? | |||
“No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.” | “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” | ||
“Ya. Yog.eş sa teb.eş tambu. A b.tor.e es sa Rogelio kuf.a tümfö.” | |||
“I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way.” | --Ja byog.a em reg.eş şensa.i şo u şo ot/camto? | ||
A s.bal.ek yog.eş. Fe a b.tüm.a.x ne o, a s.bal.ek feseş mü öşo hünve. | |||
“No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.” | |||
--“Ya. Yog.eş sa teb.eş tambu. A b.tor.e es sa Rogelio kuf.a tümfö.” | |||
“I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way.” | |||
--A s.bal.ek yog.eş. Fe a b.tüm.a.x ne o, a s.bal.ek feseş mü öşo hünve. | |||
“You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man” | “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man” | ||
“O hub.o a denbe”, solmo ças.o. “O bab.e oy solma.” | |||
“How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” | --“O hub.o a denbe”, solmo ças.o. “O bab.e oy solma.” | ||
“Üta cam(ge) a bab.o tu o kat.o oyür a mü vitbo?” | |||
“Five and you (almost)nearly were killed when I brought the fish in to green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” | “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” | ||
“Li sa o ah piy.o.n.ç tu a lib.o şenfi mü lu öfö sa u al get.o vitbo lu çinpi.i. J.o b.bar.e? | |||
--“Üta cam(ge) a bab.o tu o kat.o oyür a mü vitbo?” | |||
“Five and you (almost)nearly were killed when I brought the fish in to green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” | |||
--“Li sa o ah piy.o.n.ç tu a lib.o şenfi mü lu öfö sa u al get.o vitbo lu çinpi.i. J.o b.bar.e? | |||
“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. | “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. | ||
“A b.bar.e sünta paş.iş sa çab.iş sa lot.aya keb.iş sa vanno yo pub.bu. | |||
--“A b.bar.e sünta paş.iş sa çab.iş sa lot.aya keb.iş sa vanno yo pub.bu. | |||
I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” | I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” | ||
A b.bar.e (du) o kuf.u a mü lu vitbö te (bab.o) odux kaç.ono tümle.i sa (du) a mef.i öşa vitbo şiv.e sa vanno (yo) o pub.iş u ge doç.ço şirte omur sa eşe sanla miş.şi oşi ka a. | |||
--A b.bar.e (du) o kuf.u a mü lu vitbö te (bab.o) odux kaç.ono tümle.i sa (du) a mef.i öşa vitbo şiv.e sa vanno (yo) o pub.iş u ge doç.ço şirte omur sa eşe sanla miş.şi oşi ka a. | |||
“Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?” | “Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?” | ||
“Jo bbar.e ül osu so ja çet.o aju u (lu) o?” | |||
--“Jo bbar.e ül osu so ja çet.o aju u (lu) o?” | |||
“I remember everything from when we first went together.” | “I remember everything from when we first went together.” | ||
“A bar.e işüba lü tu e yog.o oyür oç.” | |||
--“A bar.e işüba lü tu e yog.o oyür oç.” | |||
The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. | The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. | ||
Solmo bul.o u ne uz vessu-kab.ono, oko bol.iko sinye.i | |||
--Solmo bul.o u ne uz vessu-kab.ono, oko bol.iko sinye.i | |||
“If you were my boy(son) I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” | “If you were my boy(son) I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” | ||
“Fe o bab.e.k az solbo(salsa) a skat.ek o em sa stag.ek” u ças.o. “Su o (bab.e) oz salfa.z sa oz salma.z sa o bab.e mü benlu.do vitbo.” | |||
--“Fe o bab.e.k az solbo(salsa) a skat.ek o em sa stag.ek” u ças.o. “Su o (bab.e) oz salfa.z sa oz salma.z sa o bab.e mü benlu.do vitbo.” | |||
“May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” | “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” | ||
“Ja d.reg.e şensa.i? A bon.e te a b.reg.e ki tümba af” | |||
--“Ja d.reg.e şensa.i? A bon.e te a b.reg.e ki tümba af” | |||
“I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” | “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” | ||
“A lel.o iza lü camda. A kup.o ü mü denso mü dönbö.” | |||
--“A lel.o iza lü camda. A kup.o ü mü denso mü dönbö.” | |||
“Let me get four fresh ones.” | “Let me get four fresh ones.” | ||
En a reg.e ki efi çinti. | |||
“One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. | --En a reg.e ki efi çinti. | ||
“Bi”, solmo ças.o. Uz bonho sa uz masko yog.ox is. Su it ü ofe.l.ü tu venbe çir.e. | |||
“One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. | |||
--“Bi”, solmo ças.o. Uz bonho sa uz masko yog.ox is. Su it ü ofe.l.ü tu venbe çir.e. | |||
“Two,” the boy said. | “Two,” the boy said. | ||
“Çi”, solbo ças.o . | |||
--“Çi”, solbo ças.o . | |||
“Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” | “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” | ||
“Çi”, solmo soy.o. “O höş.ox ü? | |||
--“Çi”, solmo soy.o. “O höş.ox ü? | |||
“I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” | “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” | ||
“A s.bab.o.k” solbo ças.o. Su a hub.o ise” | |||
--“A s.bab.o.k” solbo ças.o. Su a hub.o ise” | |||
“Thank you,” the old man said. He was too plain/simple to wonder when he had attained humility. | “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too plain/simple to wonder when he had attained humility. | ||
“Sat o”, solmo ças.o. U bab.o oh epi bov.eş tu u lut.o buh.ada (buh.hu). | |||
--“Sat o”, solmo ças.o. U bab.o oh epi bov.eş tu u lut.o buh.ada (buh.hu). | |||
But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. | But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. | ||
Su u bon.o du u lut.o u sa u bon.o du u bab.o.x pösdi.do (pösgö.do.x) sa u kac.o.x ya los.so yo etu menpi. | |||
--Su u bon.o du u lut.o u sa u bon.o du u bab.o.x pösdi.do (pösgö.do.x) sa u kac.o.x ya los.so yo etu menpi. | |||
“Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. | “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. | ||
“Camto bab.a ego camda ne osa vencü(vof.fo)” u ças.o. | |||
--“Camto bab.a ego camda ne osa vencü(vof.fo)” u ças.o. | |||
“Where are you going?” the boy asked. | “Where are you going?” the boy asked. | ||
“Ote o yog.i ? solbo çay.o. | |||
--“Ote o yog.i ? solbo çay.o. | |||
“Far/distant out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” | “Far/distant out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” | ||
“Edi em yom.eş mü tu venvi riş.e.m. A bav.e bab.eş em de u vüsli.” | |||
--“Edi em yom.eş mü tu venvi riş.e.m. A bav.e bab.eş em de u vüsli.” | |||
“I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook truly big something we can come to your aid.” | “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook truly big something we can come to your aid.” | ||
“A lıt.a regeş u haveş edi em”, solbo ças.o. “Ar fe o tümhö.k.a etur ebi şobse, e b.yom.e lu oz pisye ” | |||
--“A lıt.a regeş u haveş edi em”, solbo ças.o. “Ar fe o tümhö.k.a etur ebi şobse, e b.yom.e lu oz pisye ” | |||
“He does not like to work too far out.” | “He does not like to work too far out.” | ||
“U balex haveş oh edi em.” | |||
“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after (from behind of) dolphin.” | --“U balex haveş oh edi em.” | ||
“Ya”, solbo ças.o. “Su a ses.a şobse du u b.ses.e.x çe şönbi hav.iş sa reg.a u yomeş em (şa) şendöz lü mo.” | |||
“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after (from behind of) dolphin.” | |||
--“Ya”, solbo ças.o. “Su a ses.a şobse du u b.ses.e.x çe şönbi hav.iş sa reg.a u yomeş em (şa) şendöz lü mo.” | |||
“Are his eyes that bad?” | “Are his eyes that bad?” | ||
“J. uz sinye.i (osu) ça ego.x? | |||
--“J. uz sinye.i (osu) ça ego.x? | |||
“He is almost blind.” | “He is almost blind.” | ||
“U ah ori” | |||
--“U ah ori” | |||
“It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” | “It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” | ||
“Eno.x”, solmo ças.o. “U yog.o.x is şintu.k.ku. İsu bab.e ta piy.e sinye.i” | |||
- -“Eno.x”, solmo ças.o. “U yog.o.x is şintu.k.ku. İsu bab.e ta piy.e sinye.i” | |||
“But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good | “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good | ||
Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeşx | --“Su o yog.o şintu.k.ku ho camya.i (elo camyai) lö Mosquito Coast sa oz sinye.i edi.<br> | ||
Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass: Çö venre kon.e emi.x na vonga | |||
Like an unwanted stranger: Ge bav.ono.x solfo | |||
There is no danger: Binde beb.ex | Little child, be not afraid: --Ebix solça, mafeşx | ||
I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut | |||
Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass:-- Çö venre kon.e emi.x na vonga | |||
Like an unwanted stranger:-- Ge bav.ono.x solfo | |||
There is no danger: --Binde beb.ex | |||
I am here tonight:-- A bab.e ik ut | |||
Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeş.x | Little child, be not afraid:-- Ebix solça, mafeş.x | ||
Though thunder explodes and lightning flash: Çö ventö çoz.e sa venli vaf.e | |||
Illuminates: Vay.e | Though thunder explodes and lightning flash:-- Çö ventö çoz.e sa venli vaf.e | ||
Your tear-stained face: Oz sanfü-laş.ono sinfa | |||
I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut | Illuminates:-- Vay.e | ||
Your tear-stained face:-- Oz sanfü-laş.ono sinfa | |||
I am here tonight:-- A bab.e ik ut |
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