Aydın Baykara

Joined 30 March 2023
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== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
== Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL) ==
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http//:aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022.(http://aydinbaykara.com); (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)
    
    
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.  ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.
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                       '''ABCL nouns of group S#N##* ''(BODY)''''' (selected partially as example)
                       '''ABCL nouns of group S#N##* ''(BODY)''''' (selected partially as example)
                                             '''SEN: ''HEAD'''''
                                             '''SİN: ''HEAD'''''
{|  
{|  
!Sen#e: Primary||              ||       ||       ||Sen#i: Secondary||Sen#o: Secondary.....
!SinC*a,e: Primary||              ||     ||   SinC*e-i-o-ö-ü: Secondary
|}
|}
{|  
{|  
!SEN#e||      ||    || SEN#i||    ||    || SEN#o||      ||    ||SEN#ö||      ||    || SEN
!sin#a,e||      ||    || sin#e,i||    ||    || sin#i,o||      ||    ||sin#o,ö||      ||    || sin#ö,ü
|-  
|-  
|senbe||head  ||    || senbi||... ||    || senbo||...   ||    || senbö||...  ||    || senbü|| ...
|sinha||head  ||    || sinhe||eye brow ||    || sinhi||eye lash   ||    || sinhö||...  ||    || sinhü|| ...
|-  
|-  
|sence||skull ||    || senci||scalp||    || senco||...  ||   || sencö||chin||   || sencü||cheekbone
|sinbe||skull ||    || sinbi||scalp||    || || || ||sinbö  ||jaw,chin   ||   || sinbü||cheekbone
|-
|sençe||tooth ||    || sençi||foretooth||    || senço||gum  ||    || sençö||canine tooth||    || sençü||grinder
|-
|-
|sende||mouth ||    || sendi||lip||    || sendo||palate  ||    || sendö||poach||    || sendü||tongue
|sinfa||face ||    || sinfe||cheek||    || sinfo||forehead ||    || sinfö||jaw||    || sinfü||
|-  
|-  
|senfe||nose ||    || senfi||nostril ||    || senfo||phlegm   ||    || senfö||nosal bone||    || senfü||sinus
|sinma||mouth ||    || sinme||palate ||    || sinmi||lip   ||    || sinmo||tongue||    || sinmö||poach
|-  
|-  
|senge||eye ||    || sengi||eye lid||    || sengo||eye lash  ||    || sengö||iris||    || sengü||pupil
|sinna||nose ||    || sinni||sinus ||    || sinno||nostril  ||    || sinnö||nosal bone||    || sinnü||
|-  
|-  
|senhe||ear  ||    || senhi||earlobe||...    || senho||... ||    || senhö||middle ear ||    || senhü||inner ear
|-
|...........
|...........
|-
|-
|senne||...||    || senni||...||    || senno||...   ||    || sennö||...||    || sennü||...
|sinta||tooth ||    || sinte||canine tooth||    || sinti||grinder   ||    || sinto||foretooth||    || sintu||gum
|-
|-
|...........
|sinye||eye ||    || sinyi||iris||    || sinyo||eyelid  ||    || sinyö||||    || sinyü||pupil
|-  
|-  
|sense||eye brow ||    || sensi||...||    || senso||...  ||    || sensö||...||    || sensü||...
|sinze||ear  ||    || sinzi||inner ear||    || sinzo||earlobe ||    || sinzö||middle ear ||    || sinzü||
|-  
|-  
|senze||face ||    || senzi||forehead||    || senzo||...  ||    || senzö||jaw||    || senzü||cheek
|}
|}


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==== Deverbal Nouns ====
==== Deverbal Nouns ====
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix Level 2'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun (Level 2)'''||||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples''', ''(nouns given in italic translated in ABCL only)''                                   
|-
|'''_aya'''|| ||  _aya|| ||  kuc.aya|| ||_, _age, _ure||''cut'', bore, leakage, creature
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  çöp.aya|| ||_/t)ion||''protrusion'', indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  reh.aya|| ||||''heap''
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  han.aya|| ||_ing||''building'', being, writing, dead, smell, piping
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  hic.aha|| ||_ate||''certificate''
|-
|...
|-
|-
|(Level 1)||||(Level 2)||||(incl. Level 2)||   ||       ||''(only nouns in italic translated into ABCL)''                                            
|mozzo|| ||_aha|| || moz.zo (moz.aha)|| ||_ence||''joy'', fun, thought, excellence
|-  
|-
|_'''şe'''|| ||  _şe|| ||  yin.şe, dek.şe|| ||to (infinitive)|| ''to run, to eat''
|höm.mö|| ||  _aha|| ||  höm., tez.ze|| ||_ment||''employment, enjoyment'', amazement, imprisonment, replacement
|-  
|-
|'''_aya'''|| || _aya|| ||  kas.aya|| ||_, _age, _ure||''cut'', bore, leakage, creature
|''(Verb's last two letters reverse repeated)''
|-
|'''CVC.CV''' || || _aha|| ||  bol.lo (bol.aha)|| ||||''love'',liking, praise
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  çol.aya|| ||_/t)ion||''protrusion'', indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation
|''(nomina actionis-name of the action)''
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aya|| ||  her.aya|| ||_ing||''building'', being, writing, dead, smell, piping
||| ||  _ada|| ||  nel.le (nel.ada)|| ||_(t-,s-)ion||''relaxation'', attention, selection, evaporation, introduction
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aha|| ||  mes.aha|| ||_ence||''joy'', fun, thought, excellence
|rez.ze|| ||  _ada|| ||  rez.ze (rez.ada)|| ||_ancy||''expectancy'',tendency, (walk)
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aha|| ||  hün.aha, tad.aha|| ||_ment||''employment, enjoyment'', amazement, imprisonment, replacement
|yun.na|| ||  _afa|| ||  yun.na(yun.afa)|| ||_ing (gerund)||''running,''beginning, rejoicing 
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _ada|| ||  tüm.ada|| ||_(t-,s-)ion||''relaxation'', attention, selection, evaporation, introduction
|.....
|-
|-
|_'''ana'''|| ||  _ama|| ||  hün.ama|| ||_er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier||''employer'', student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner
|_'''ana'''|| ||  _ama|| ||  höm.ama|| ||_er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier||''employer'', student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner
|-  
|-  
|_ana|| ||  _ana|| || vük.ana|| ||_er||''counter'', cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope)
|_ana|| ||  _ana|| || vus.ana|| ||_er||''counter'', cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope)
|-
|-
|_aya|| ||  _aşa|| ||  dan.aşa|| ||_||''dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment''
|_aya|| ||  _aşa|| ||  dan.aşa|| ||_||''dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment''
|-
|-
|_'''asa'''|| ||  _asa|| ||  hün.asa|| ||_ee||''employee'', refugee, trainee
|_'''asa'''|| ||  _asa|| ||  höm.asa|| ||_ee||''employee'', refugee, trainee
|-
|-
|_'''aça'''|| ||  _aça|| ||  vös.aça|| ||_(e)ry||''refinery'', bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory
|_'''aça'''|| ||  _aça|| ||  vüp.aça|| ||_(e)ry||''refinery'', bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory
|-
|-
|_aça|| ||  _aca|| ||  dir.aca|| ||_ing, _tion||''bedding'', station (bus stop), aim/target, passage  
|_aça|| ||  _aca|| ||  dir.aca|| ||_ing, _tion||''bedding'', station (bus stop), aim/target, passage  
|-
|-
|_'''aka'''|| ||  _aka|| ||  yin.aka|| ||_ing (gerund)||''running'', beginning, rejoicing
|}
|}


According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)
According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)
   
   
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5.  The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used.
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5.  The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns (for things, e.g. bedding, passage) principally. 
 
As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used.


Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed.
Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed.
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!'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix L1'''||||'''ABCL Suffix L2'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun L2'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
|-
|-
|_'''da'''(abstr.nouns)|| ||  _da|| || salya.da|| _hood,_ness,_ity||''motherhood'', friendship, military, kingdom  
|_'''da'''|| ||  _da|| || salma.da ''(for abstract nouns)''|| _hood,_ness,_ity||''motherhood'', friendship, military, kingdom  
|-  
|-  
|_da|| ||  _ha|| ||senge.ha|| ||''spectacles'', woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
|_da|| ||  _ha|| ||sinhe.ha|| ||''spectacles'', woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
|-
|_da|| ||  _ya|| ||salma.ya ''(diminutiv)''||-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette ||''mummy'', doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
|-
|-
|_da|| ||  _ya|| ||salya.ya||-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette ||''mummy'', doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
|'''_ba'''|| ||  _va|| ||pespo.va (sulpo) ''(affiliation to people- group)''||-ian/-er/-man/-ist ||''politician'', librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
|-
|-
|'''_na'''(people-group)|| ||  _ma|| ||pesçe.ma||-ian/-er/-man/-ist ||''politician'', librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
|_ba|| ||  _sa|| ||Türkiye.sa||-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se||''Turkish'', Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
|-
|-
|_na|| ||  _sa|| ||Türkiye.sa||-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se||''Turkish'', Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
|_ba|| ||  _ba|| ||sölce.ba||_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r||''citizen'', villager, republican, English, German (folk)
|-
|-
|_na|| ||  _na|| ||paskö.na||_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r||''citizen'', villager, republican, English, German (folk)
|_ba|| ||  _ra|| ||vatne.ra / sülne||_eer||''engineer''
|-
|-
|'''_ta'''(branch-area)|| ||  _ta|| ||banya.ta||_logy,_nomy,_graphy||''biology'', psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
|'''_ta'''|| ||  _ta|| ||banba.ta ''(relating to a branch, area)''||_logy,_nomy,_graphy||''biology'', psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
|-
|'''_ga'''|| ||  _ga|| ||pasna.ga; pisrö.ga||_ism||''nationalism; racism''
|-
|-
||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English
||| || -|| ||||country name||as in the original language, not in English
|-
|-
||| || || ||||-meter||thermometer (Suffix replaced by compound words  such as "heat gauge")
|Suffix replaced by compound words|| ||such as || ||"heat gauge"|| -meter||thermometer  
|}
|}
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism”  and "ta" for scientific nouns.  
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism”  and "ta" for scientific nouns.  
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!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''Examp.: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns (Examples)'''
|-
|-
|_'''ka'''|| || heha.ka||-y||''pinky''
|_'''ma'''|| || una.ma||-y||''pinky''
|-  
|-  
|_ka;(x)_ka|| || ebi.ka, ebix.ka||-||''beauty'', ugliness
|_ma;(x)_ma|| || ebe.ma, ebex.ma||-||''beauty, ugliness''
|-
|-
|_ka|| ||açü.ka, abax.ka||_dom,_hood||''freedom'', boredom, ''falsehood''
|_ma|| ||ofo.ma||_dom||''freedom'', boredom  
|-
|-
|_ka|| || ehi.ka,  atü.ka||_th, _(en)ce||''depth'', strength, ''prominence'', absence
|_ma|| || edo.ma||_th||''depth'', strength
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|(x)_ma|| || gav.amox.ma*||_cy||vacancy
|-
|-
|_ka|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|_ma|| || opö.ma||_(en)ce||''prominence'', absence, residence
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| ||göd.amox.ka(*)||_cy||''vacancy'', fluency, frequency
|_ma|| || silbi.to.ka||_(al)ity,_ty,_y||''sexuality'', normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
|-
|-
|(x)_ka|| || avax.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|_ma|| ||vof.azo.ma*||_(en)cy|| fluency, frequency
|-
|-
|_vunye|| || şı.vunye, ki.vunye||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|_ma|| || asa.ka||_ness||''sadness'', kindness, darkness, business
|-
|_vusdu|| || oşo.vusdu, ki.vusdu||_gon||''polygon, pentagon''
|}
|}
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
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==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
==== Compound/Combined Noun Derivations ====
{|
{|
|adjective.verb ||edu.çeni ||telephone  
|adjective.verb ||çöt.ana ||telephone  
|-   
|-   
|adjective.verb ||edu.biyi ||television
|adjective.verb ||met.ana ||television
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edu. bayı ||telescope
|adjective.verb ||di*.sese ||telescope
|-
|-
|adjective.verb ||edux.bayı ||microscope
|adjective.verb ||bi.*sese ||microscope
|-
|-
|adjective.noun ||eme vondi ||lens/magnifier
|adjective.noun ||bi.vonga ||lens/magnifier
|-
|-
|verb.noun ||ene.n. vondi ||magnifying glass
|verb.noun ||gam.vonga ||magnifying glass
|-
|-
|adjective.noun||şo.bangı||something
|adjective.noun||şo.bse (oşo-bense)||something
|}
|}
*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
.*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.
In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.


“Yes” and “No”: “Ay” and “Ya” (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)
'''Yes''' and '''No''': '''Ay''' and '''Ya''' (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)


== VERBS of ABCL ==
== VERBS of ABCL ==
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As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
{|
{|
|'''kaf'''||||||set up||||||'''kef'''||||||set down||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''kif'''||||||fasten
|'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''köf'''||||||force
|-
|-
|kah||||||dig||||||keh||||||fill||||||kıh||||||  ||||||kih||||||excavate
|kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh||||||  ||||||köh||||||hew
|-
|-
|kak||||||walk||||||kek||||||preserve||||||kık||||||  ||||||kik||||||fit
|kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık||||||  ||||||kök||||||connect
|-
|-
|kal||||||open||||||kel||||||close||||||kıl||||||  ||||||kil||||||shut down
|kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl||||||  ||||||köl||||||line
|-
|-
|kam||||||pull||||||kem||||||push||||||kım||||||  ||||||kim||||||twist
|kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım||||||  ||||||köm||||||modify/alter
|-
|-
|kan||||||take||||||ken||||||give||||||kın||||||take away ||||||kin||||||bring
|kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın||||||  ||||||kön||||||
|-
|-
|kap||||||throw/fling||||||kep||||||dart||||||kıp||||||  ||||||kip||||||kick
|kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press ||||||köp||||||push
|-
|-
|kar||||||hit||||||ker||||||crush/bump||||||kır||||||bust  ||||||kir||||||catch
|kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase
|-
|-
|kas||||||cut||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||  ||||||kis||||||divide
|kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt ||||||kös||||||shear
|-
|-
|}
|}


Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
=== DERIVED VERBS ===
=== DERIVED VERBS ===


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''
''
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_k'''|| || çanko.k, dengo.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|-  
|-  
|(noun)_k|| || pesçi.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_l'''|| ||vesne.l/posbo.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
|'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up
|-
|-
|(noun)_l|| || vönni.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|-
|-
|(noun)_lx|| ||tanrı.lx||get …||''get no fever''
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky''
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever''
|}
|}


==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
|-Example:
Examples:
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''_l, _lx'''|| ||efi.l- efil.x||''be new-become old''
|'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ene.l- enel.x||''greaten/biggen-become small/diminish''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||emi.l- emi.lx||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||egi.l- egix.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
Line 369: Line 387:


{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples ''  
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples'''  ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)''  
|-
|-
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... (infinite)/!||to run, to eat / /'''run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)''  
|}
|}


Line 396: Line 414:
Examples for Root Adjectives:
Examples for Root Adjectives:
{|
{|
!Indefinite (Quantifier): şV*||||English|| || ||DQ: eC*e|||| ||Physical Descr. of Things|| ||DP: aC*i|||| ||Person-Behaviour
!Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*||||English|| || ||Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V*|| |||| || || ||Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V*
|-
|-
|şa|| ||more|||| ||ebe-x|||| ||sweet-bitter|| ||abi-x|||| ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|-
|-
|şe|| ||most|||| ||ece||||- |||| ||aci-x|||| ||fair-biased  
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased  
|-
|-
|şi-şix|| ||several/many/much -few/little|||| ||eçe|||| ||sour|| ||açi-x|||| ||just-devious
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
|-
|-
|şo-şox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||ede-x|||| ||hot-cold|| ||adi-x|||| ||sedate-excited
|öşo-öşox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||oho-x||hot-cold|| |||| || ||aşe-x||sedate-excited
|-
|-
|şö|| ||each|||| ||efe-x|||| ||warm- cool|| ||afi|||| ||superficial
|öşö|| ||each|||| ||ova-x|| warm- cool|| |||| || ||asu||superficial
|-
|-
|şu-şux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||ege-x|||| ||wide-narrow|| ||agi|||| ||keen/eager
|öşu-öşux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||eva-x||wide-narrow|| |||| || ||aki||keen/eager
|}
|}


Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their
'''Possessive Determiners:''' az, oz, uz, ez,  öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their


Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
Line 426: Line 444:
Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
{|
{|
!_ado-adox||||_ful-less||||(_azo)ado||||_ant/-ent||||_ako||||_able, _ible||||_amo||||p.p _ed/irregular
!'''_ado-adox'''||||_ful-less||||(_azo)'''_ado'''||||_ant/-ent||||'''_amo'''||||_able, _ible||||'''_ono'''||||p.p _ed/irregular||||_iko||||_ing
|-
|-
|bip.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||tüm.ado||||relaxant||||kir.ako||||breakable||||dul.amo||||boiled
|boh.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||nel.ado||||relaxant||||keb.amo||||breakable||||dol.ono||||boiled||||ted.iko||||dancing
|-
|-
|yaz.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sik.ado||||pleasant||||moy.ako||||admirable||||mad.amo||||known
|bus.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sip.ado||||pleasant||||mir.amo||||admirable||||bon.ono||||known||||tis.iko||||singing
|-
|-
|rol.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||feh.ado||||dominant||||höç.akox||||incredible||||bür.amo||||worried
|roh.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||fur.ado||||dominant||||höç.amox||||incredible||||muv.ono||||worried||||moh.iko||||terrifying
|}
|}


Line 443: Line 461:
Examples
Examples
{|
{|
!_do||||_ful, _ous||||_dox||||-less, in-, ir-||||_ko||||_able,_ible
!'''_do'''||||_ful, _ous||||'''_dox'''||||-less, in-, ir-||||_'''no'''||||_able,_ible
|-
|-
|pasba.do||||peaceful||||pasba.dox||||hope.less||||pösvi.ko||||fashionable
|fenpü.do||||peaceful||||bonho.dox||||hope.less||||posfa.no||||fashionable
|-
|-
|sinte.do||||handful||||camya.dox||||timeless||||pisbe.ko||||taxable
|sonye.do||||handful||||camti.dox||||timeless||||halta.no||||taxable
|-
|-
|pössi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||hanya.dox||||homeless||||menyö.ko||||sociable
|minşi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||pasha.dox||||homeless||||||||
|}
|}


Line 467: Line 485:


{|
{|
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln
!||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln||||10 Mln-90 Mln
|-
|-
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv
!||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv||||#ip
|-
|-
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv
|1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv||||bip
|-
|-
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv
|2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv||||çip
|-
|-
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
|3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
Line 526: Line 544:
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
!'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
|-
|-
!'''oçV*'''|||| '''oşV*'''||||||'''oyV*'''||||||'''öyV*'''||
!'''V*s'''|||| '''V*ş'''||||||'''V*m'''||||||'''V*ç'''||
|-
|-
|oça||yet||oşa||more,_er||||oya||ahead/forward||||öya||otherwise||
|as||always||||more,_er||||am||ahead/forward||||||together||
|-
|-
|oçe||still||oşe||most||||oye-x||in(side)-out(side)||||öye||aright||
|es||yet/still||||most||||üm-em||in(side)-out(side)||||üç||enough||
|-
|-
!uçV*|| || öşV*
!V*t|| ||
|-
|-
|uça|| immediately|| öşa|| often
|it|| now|| || all
|-
|-
|uço|| now|| öşi|| some||
|ot|| tomorrow|| || some||
|}
|}


Line 550: Line 568:
==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
'''  
'''  
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_içe||||fag.içe||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|_r**||||feh.r||||                        ||||help(ing)fully||
|-
|-
|_içe||||eh.içe||||_ing(ly)||||''laughingly'', knowingly||
|_r||||şah.r, bon.r*||||_(ing)ly||||''laugh(ing)ly'', know(ing)ly||
|}
|}
.*Deferring from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing”
.**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”)


'''
'''
==== Derived from Root Adjectives ====
==== Derived from Root/Derived Adjectives ====
'''
'''
{|
{|
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çi||||fag.ado.çi||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', notably, passably, incredibly, fortunately||
|_r||||feh.ado.r, banlu.dox.r||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', ''unfortunately'' notably, passably, incredibly||
|-
|_r||||eni.r (enix.r), atö.r||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|-
|_r||||omo.r, omox.r|||| ||||''on the front'', ''behind'' ||
|-
|-
|_çi||||ebi.çi (ebix.çi), atö.çi||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
|}
|}


Line 576: Line 597:
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
!ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
|-
|-
|_çö||||pisba.çö, monba.çö ||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly''||
|_r||||halce.r(x), monba.r
''(in ABCL directly by noun possible)''
||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''(un)econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly'' ''(in English only via denominal adjective possible)||
|-
|-
|_ça||||süb.ça, hünbe.ça, ehe.ça||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|_r||||süb.r, hünve.r, elo.r||||a_||||''a.miss,  away, along'', ahead, apart,  alone ||
|}
|}
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”
Line 592: Line 615:


{|
{|
!Coordinating||  ||||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|| ||||Interrogative||
!Coordinating||  ||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|||| ||Interrogative||
|-
|Conjunct.||||  ||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|||| ||as Subordinate Conjunct.||
|-
|-
|Conjunct.||  ||||||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|| ||||Conjunct.||
|'''p_, r, s, v''': varied vowels||  ||||'''h_, f, d, ç, b''':: varied vowels
|-
|-
|'''_y, k, p, r''': C*|| ||||||'''_f, l, m''':C*
|'''sV*'''|| ||||'''fV*'''|| ||||||||||'''tV*'''||
|-
|-
|'''V*n'''|| ||||||'''V*f'''|| ||||||||||'''V*t'''||
|sa ||and|||| fa|| even if||||pe…so (pe)||||either...or||ta|| what||
|-
|-
|i ||and|||| ||af|| even if||||ün…en (ün)||either...or||||at|| what||
|so|| or|||| || as if|| ||pex..so ||||neither...nor||te|| where||
|-
|-
|or|| or|||| ||ef|| as if|| ||ünx..enx (ünx)||neither...nor||||et|| how||
|su|| but|||| fe||if/in case|| ||ça/fo (adj)…ge||||as.(adjective).as|| to|| who||
|-
|-
|ey|| but|||| ||if|| if|| ||ay (adj.)||as.(adjective).as|||| it|| why||
|se|| still/yet||||fu||unless||||ça / fo elo ge||||as long as|||| why||
|-
|-
|oy|| still/yet||||||of||in case that(of)||||ay.ehe||as long as||||ot,ot.in,ot.iç|| where,to-,from-||
|pe|| either||||ha||while||||fü.. (so)..x||||whether...or ..not||tu||when||
|-
|ro|| however||||du||that||||||||||tü||how||
|}
|}
'''
'''
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
=== PREPOSITIONS ===
Line 615: Line 641:
!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
!Preposition||  ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
|-
|-
|''', ç, v'''||    ||||||'''_s, z, y'''||    ||
|'''y_, ş, g'''||    ||||||'''k_, l, m, n'''||    ||
|-
|-
|'''_V*ş'''||  |||||| '''_V*s'''||  ||
|'''_şV*'''||  |||||| '''_kV*'''||  ||
|-
|-
||| at|| ||||as|| between||
|şa|| after|| ||||le|| between||
|-
|-
||| yes/OK|| ||||es|| among||
|şe|| before|| |||||| among||
|-
|-
||| for|| |||||is|| near||
|şo|| for|| |||||ko|| across||
|-
|-
||| no|||||| os|| beside||
|şu|| by|||||| ke|| beside||
|}
|}


Line 652: Line 678:


{|
{|
!Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
!Demonstr.|| ||Pronouns|| || ||Interrog.|||| ||Nonperson||
|-
||| |||| ||||Pronouns|| ||||Pronouns||
|-
|-
|'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''||    || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''|| ||
|'''is.V*'''|||| '''ip.V*'''||    |||| '''it.V*'''|||| '''iş.V*'''   
|-
|-
|isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
|isa||this||ipa||his(one)||||ita||what|| işa||more
|-
|iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
|-
|-
|isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
|iso||that||ipo||that(one)|||| ||   || işe||most||
|-
|-
|ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
|isu||that||ipu||other||||iti ||which || işi-x||all-none||
|-
|-
|isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
|ise||these||ipe-x||either-neither||||ito||who||işo-x||some/someone- any/no one/none||
|-
|-
|isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
|isö||those||ipö||that (place name)|||| || || işö||each ||
|-
|-
| || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
|isü||those||ipü||there|||| || ||işu||much/many-few||
|-
|-
||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
| || || || |||| || || işü.ba/sa)-x||every.(thing/body)-no.(thing/body)||
|-
|-
||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
|}
|}


Line 682: Line 707:


Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
'''Interrogatives''' are similar to English:
{|
|what||  ||ota|| || || ||why||ötö
|-
|where|| ||ote|| || || ||when||utu
|-
|which|| ||oti|| || || ||how||ütü
|-
|who||     ||oto|| || || ||how much/many/old ||üta.pis/vus/cam
|}


== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
== TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL ==
Line 690: Line 727:


{|
{|
!Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
!'''Tenses'''|| ||'''Suffix'''|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
|-
|-
|Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
|Future|||| _a|||| yog.a||||will go
|-
|-
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
|Simple present|||| _e|||| yog.e.x||||doesn’t go
|-
|-
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
|Present continuous|||| _i|||| vap.i.n.x||||is not painted ''(passive)''
|-
|-
|Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
|Simple past (past 1) ''(“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''|||| _o/ö|||| dol.o||||(I) (have) boiled
|-
|-
|Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
|Durational past/history (past 2) ''(“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)''||||_u/ü|||| vap.u.n||||had been painted (in one week)
|}
|}


Line 825: Line 862:
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|'''''If-clauses''':''(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)
|-  
|-  
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|| e a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung||fe a sevö (bab.o ani) a tiso.ç   
|-   
|-   
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? ||         jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? || jo feh.o.ç  a fe a çayö o?
|-  
|-  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||             fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|If I had been hungry, I would have eaten ||   fe a dakö (bab.o ohu) a deno.ç  
|-  
|-  
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||       nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it||   nex oz feh.ha a b.rifo.çx
|-  
|-  
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
|If you would be my son...|| fe o babo.ç az salsa …
Line 851: Line 888:
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|Only if I could have slept || an, a bdar.o.ç …
|-
|-
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|| an, (a biv.e) a baho vitka du  a rego.çx …
|-  
|-  
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
|I should have learned German || an, a g.bönö.ç Deutsch.sa
Line 857: Line 894:
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|'''''Future-clauses:'''''
|-  
|-  
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. ||   a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. || a s.rego.ç ofe venye em fe venre venö.çx osa cemmü
|}
|}


Line 919: Line 956:
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
!'''Mood/Verb Transformation''' || '''ABCL Marker/sufix'''|| '''ABCL example-English equivalent'''
|-
|-
|Conditional (factual-predictive): -Binbi.so: marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|Conditional (factual-predictive): ''-Binbi.so'': marker conjunctions "if" ||fe…|| (he)fe a mefe  - if I feel well
|-
|-
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- Paceş || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|Imperative/jussive/infinite- ''Paceş'' || "verb".eş|| yogeş - go! / to go
|-
|-
|Passive- Bunzu|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- ''Paciş'' || "verb".iş|| yogiş - going
|-
|-
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - Röş.ato (.ado)  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|Passive- ''Bunzu''|| _n|| vapon - was painted
|-
|-
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -Ver.ato(.ado) || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|Ergative (Intrans.  to transitive) - ''Röş.ato(.ado)''  || _t|| (u) dolot (densu) – (she) boiled (water)
|-
|-
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -Peş.ato || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
|Reflexive (Transitive to intr) -''Ver.ato(.ado)'' || _m|| (a) dasem – (I) wash myself
|-
|-
|Causative (Transitive) -Bac.ato(.ado)|| _p|| vapep - get painted (boyattırmak)
|Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) -''Peş.ato'' || _y|| boley - make love (sevişmek)
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|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- Kök.ana                        ||                         
|Causative (Transitive) -''Bac.ato(.ado)''|| _p|| vapep -  get painted (boyattırmak)
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|'''Subjunctive/irrealis'''- ''Kök.ana''                         ||                         
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|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
|    ---Present subjunctive    ||    _k  --|| tisek - would sing
Line 950: Line 989:
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#…vowel for tense
.#…vowel for tense


“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
Line 960: Line 999:


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|Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binmi|| _v|||| bol.#v|||| ||bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
|Inferential mood/Hearsay-''Binmi''||| _v||||||||bol.#v--bolev - (it is said) (he/she) love …
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|Optative desiderative- An Mançu (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an")|| _s|||| sen.e.s||||||(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
|Optative desiderative- ''An Mançu'' (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle "an") || _s||||||||sen.e.s--(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well  
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Line 968: Line 1,007:
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|Genitive/Possesive-Huz.ato|||||||||| _z|||||||||| şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
|Genitive/Possesive-''Huz.ato''|||||||||||||||||| ||_z|||||||||||||şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||| of, _’s (kitten of the cat) your cat
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|Plural-Bunyu      |||||| ||||     _i|||||||||| hanho.i|||||||||| _s -       (houses)
|Plural-''Bunyu''       |||||| ||||||  ||  |||| ||_i   |||||| |||| ||hanho.i   ||||||| ||_s - (houses)
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Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes,                                                                                                                                                                                                    applicable in Level 2 only:  
Line 1,076: Line 1,115:
'''The Old Man and the Sea'''<br>
'''The Old Man and the Sea'''<br>
   
   
Solmo (ayox solma) sa  Vinse <br>
--Solmo (ayox solma) sa  Vinse <br>


He was an old man  who        fished          alone          in a vessel/skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone    eighty-four days  now without taking a fish.  In the first forty days  a boy had been with him.<br>
He was an old man  who        fished          alone          in a vessel/skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone    eighty-four days  now without taking a fish.  In the first forty days  a boy had been with him.<br>
   
   
U bab.o    solmo    to  tüm.ü şenfi    alü.r        (mü) vitve    mü      G-S                  sa    u      yog.u                              six  ki      camda    it      nex    katiş  şenfi.        Mü    oyür    kix camda    solbo    bab.u      ne    u.<br>
--U bab.o    solmo    to  tüm.ü şenfi    alü.r        (mü) vitve    mü      G-S                  sa    u      yog.u                              six  ki      camda    it      nex    katiş  şenfi.        Mü    oyür    kix camda    solbo    bab.u      ne    u.<br>
                                    
                                    
But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao,  which is (the worst form of unlucky),  and the boy had gone at their orders  in  another boat    which caught  three good fish the first week.<br>
But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao,  which is (the worst form of unlucky),  and the boy had gone at their orders  in  another boat    which caught  three good fish the first week.<br>
   
   
Su    şa    kix camda    nex  şenfi,    solbo.z salpa        çet.o        u      du      solmo      bab.o  it    nodir  sa  çenfir  “salao”,  ti    (benzü.z  eş ego.x vusfu),      sa    solbo          yog.o    ma  üz  porroi      (mü)  opu    vitbo,      ti    kek.o      fi      ego şenfi    oyü  camva.<br>
--Su    şa    kix camda    nex  şenfi,    solbo.z salpa        çet.o        u      du      solmo      bab.o  it    nodir  sa  çenfir  “salao”,  ti    (benzü.z  eş ego.x vusfu),      sa    solbo          yog.o    ma  üz  porroi      (mü)  opu    vitbo,      ti    kek.o      fi      ego şenfi    oyü  camva.<br>


To see the old man that he come back each day with his empty skiff,  made  boy  unhappy.ly  and he always  went  down  for      helping    him  carrying  either  coil.ed  lines      or    gaff  and harpoon and sail  that(ki o)  was wrapped/furled  around pole/mast.<br>
To see the old man that he come back each day with his empty skiff,  made  boy  unhappy.ly  and he always  went  down  for      helping    him  carrying  either  coil.ed  lines      or    gaff  and harpoon and sail  that(ki o)  was wrapped/furled  around pole/mast.<br>
   
   
Seseş      solmo          du    u  yut.o      öşö camda  ne  uz efux  vitve,  bam.o solbo    ohaxir        sa    u      as    yog.o                                                    omur  şo        feh.he    u      kac.iş        pe  koç.ono tümle.i    so  tümge  sa  tümhe    sa  vitsa    do                    kıvon                      (ük)    vitpo.<br>
--Seseş      solmo          du    u  yut.o      öşö camda  ne  uz efux  vitve,  bam.o solbo    ohaxir        sa    u      as    yog.o                                                    omur  şo        feh.he    u      kac.iş        pe  koç.ono tümle.i    so  tümge  sa  tümhe    sa  vitsa    do                    kıvon                      (ük)    vitpo.<br>


The sail was patched  with  flour sacks    and    furled,    it  looked  like the flag permanent defeat of.<br>
The sail was patched  with  flour sacks    and    furled,    it  looked  like the flag permanent defeat of.<br>
   
   
Vitsa      dap.o.n          ne  denfi dünsa.i      sa      kıv.on,  u    bul.o.m    ge    çanfu yo  obe fönde (fönde.z çanfu).
--Vitsa      dap.o.n          ne  denfi dünsa.i      sa      kıv.on,  u    bul.o.m    ge    çanfu yo  obe fönde (fönde.z çanfu).


The old man was    thin    and gaunt  with deep  wrinkles    in the back  of his neck (his neck’s back).
The old man was    thin    and gaunt  with deep  wrinkles    in the back  of his neck (his neck’s back).
   
   
Solbo    bab.o        ete.x    sa  apı.x    ne    edo    çüv.ayai    mü      uz sonhe.z vünba.<br>
--Solbo    bab.o        ete.x    sa  apı.x    ne    edo    çüv.ayai    mü      uz sonhe.z vünba.<br>


The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer                  (which) the sun brings from its reflection on              the tropic see  were  on  his cheeks.
The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer                  (which) the sun brings from its reflection on              the tropic see  were  on  his cheeks.


Uçe  lüb.ayai yo abe sansi tenka (abe sansi tenka.z uçe lübbüi)  do    vessu  lib.e    lü    uz  vüsfe/ver.re  (mo)    vintö.do vinse bab.o  mu  uz sinfe.i.<br>
--Uçe  lüb.ayai yo abe sansi tenka (abe sansi tenka.z uçe lübbüi)  do    vessu  lib.e    lü    uz  vüsfe/ver.re  (mo)    vintö.do vinse bab.o  mu  uz sinfe.i.<br>
            
            
The blotches ran    well down the sides of his face and his hands      had      the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords.  
The blotches ran    well down the sides of his face and his hands      had      the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords.
Lüb.ayai        yun.o  ani omur      uz sinfa.z vünku    sa    uz sonyei      bah.o        edo-çüş.ono    tünşei  lü    sah.ha  ehe  şenfi mu  tümköi.         
--Lüb.ayai        yun.o  ani omur      uz sinfa.z vünku    sa    uz sonyei      bah.o        edo-çüş.ono    tünşei  lü    sah.ha  ehe  şenfi mu  tümköi.         
 
But none of these scars were  fresh. They were  old      as  erosions in a fishless      desert.
But none of these scars were  fresh. They were  old      as  erosions in a fishless      desert.
Su  ose tünşe.i.z işix      bab.o  ofex.    Ü    bab.o  ayox  ge  vanyo    mü  şenfi.dox  vinde.
 
--Su  ose tünşe.i.z işix      bab.o  ofex.    Ü    bab.o  ayox  ge  vanyo    mü  şenfi.dox  vinde.
 
Everything about him was  old    except  his eyes  and  they were the same colour as the sea and were  cheerful and  undefeated.  
Everything about him was  old    except  his eyes  and  they were the same colour as the sea and were  cheerful and  undefeated.  
İşüba              ga      u  bab.o  ayox    gü    uz sinye.i  sa    ü    bab.o      esö    vüsko  ge  vinse  sa  bab.o  meç.ado  sa    fön.ono.x.             
 
--İşüba              ga      u  bab.o  ayox    gü    uz sinye.i  sa    ü    bab.o      esö    vüsko  ge  vinse  sa  bab.o  meç.ado  sa    fön.ono.x.             
 
“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank  from where the skiff was hauled up.  
“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank  from where the skiff was hauled up.  
“Santiago,”  solbo    ças.o    u      he  ü      lic.o      dinbi        lü        te    vitve      kah.on    omurx.         
--“Santiago,”  solbo    ças.o    u      he  ü      lic.o      dinbi        lü        te    vitve      kah.on    omurx.         
“I could          go        with you again.  We’ve made  some money.”  
“I could          go        with you again.  We’ve made  some money.”<br>
“A byog.e.k  ne    o      ut.      E        bam.o  öşo    halmo”
The old man had taught the boy    to fish            and  the boy loved him.  
--“A byog.e.k  ne    o      ut.      E        bam.o  öşo    halmo”
  Solmo                bet.o          solbo  tümeş  şenfi  sa      solbo    bol.o  u.
 
The old man had taught the boy    to fish            and  the boy loved him.<br>
   
--Solmo                bet.o          solbo  tümeş  şenfi  sa      solbo    bol.o  u.
 
“No,” the old man said. “You’re  with  a lucky      boat.    Stay    with them.”  
“No,” the old man said. “You’re  with  a lucky      boat.    Stay    with them.”  
“Ya,”    solmo        ças.o.  “O  bab.o  ne  banludo vitbo.      Yaşeş    ne      ü”
 
--“Ya,”    solmo        ças.o.  “O  bab.o  ne  banludo vitbo.      Yaşeş    ne      ü”
 
“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish  and then we caught big ones(piece)                    every day    for  three weeks.”  
“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish  and then we caught big ones(piece)                    every day    for  three weeks.”  
“Su    bareş          tü    o    yog.o    six pi    camda    nex    şenfi  sa    ar    e  kek.o    ebi  bi çinti                                  öşü camda    ho  fi  camva.”
 
--“Su    bareş          tü    o    yog.o    six pi    camda    nex    şenfi  sa    ar    e  kek.o    ebi  bi çinti                                  öşü camda    ho  fi  camva.”
 
“I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”
“I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”
“ A     bar.e”,        solmo    ças.o.    “A bon.e  o        lel.ox        a        be        o    bud.o.”
 
--“A     bar.e”,        solmo    ças.o.    “A bon.e  o        lel.ox        a        be        o    bud.o.”
 
“It    was      papa  (who)  made me leave.  I am a boy  and  I  must obey him.”  
“It    was      papa  (who)  made me leave.  I am a boy  and  I  must obey him.”  
“U  bab.o    salfa    (to)        lel.o.p  a.              A    solbo  sa    a    çfob.e      u.”
 
--“U  bab.o    salfa    (to)        lel.o.p  a.              A    solbo  sa    a    çfob.e      u.”
 
“I know,” the old man said.  “It is quite normal.”  
“I know,” the old man said.  “It is quite normal.”  
“A bon.e”    solmo      ças.o“    U     ul        eno (bannu.do).”
 
--“A bon.e”    solmo      ças.o. “U     ul        eno (bannu.do).”
 
“He hasn’t much faith.”  
“He hasn’t much faith.”  
“U  bah.e.x  oşu  banfa.”
 
--“U  bah.e.x  oşu  banfa.”
 
“No,” the old man said. “But we have.  Haven’t we?”
“No,” the old man said. “But we have.  Haven’t we?”
“Ya,”  solmo    ças.o.      “Su  e  bah.e.  J.e  bah.e.x?  
 
--“Ya,”  solmo    ças.o.      “Su  e  bah.e.  J.e  bah.e.x?  
 
‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer    you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”
‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer    you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”
“Ay”,    solbo ças.o.  “J.a b.füt.e    o    denbe  (mo)  hante      sa  ar    e      kat.a    çonşu  pasha.”
 
--“Ay”,    solbo ças.o.  “J.a b.füt.e    o    denbe  (mo)  hante      sa  ar    e      kat.a    çonşu  pasha.”
 
“Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”  
“Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”  
“Otux?”            solmo    ças.o.    “ Le          şenfi.na.i”
 
They sat on the Terrace  and  many of the fishermen                                   made      fun                         of the old man and he was not angry.  
--“Otux?”            solmo    ças.o.    “ Le          şenfi.na.i”
Ü    yis.o  (mo)  hante    sa    şenfi.na.i.z  oşu.ma  (oşuma yo şenfi.na.i)      bam.o  (tom.o) tomya    yo  solmo            sa    u  bab.o.x  ayö.           
 
They sat on the Terrace  and  many of the fishermen     made      fun     of the old man and he was not angry.
--Ü    yis.o  (mo)  hante    sa    şenfi.na.i.z  oşu.ma  (oşuma yo şenfi.na.i)      bam.o  (tom.o) tomya    yo  solmo            sa    u  bab.o.x  ayö.  
            
Others of the older fishermen,  looked at him and  were  sad.  
Others of the older fishermen,  looked at him and  were  sad.  
İpui      yo    aş ayo.x  şenfi.ba.i,    bul.o        u    sa  bab.o  asa.
 
But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths    they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of  what they had seen.  
--İpui      yo    aş ayo.x  şenfi.ba.i,    bul.o        u    sa  bab.o  asa.
Su    ü      koş.o.x        u    sa    ü  çeş.o  apo.r        ga        vencü        sa      edo.ma.i  te  ü      yud.o  üz    tümlei    sa          obe                          ego    venve    sa  yo  ta      ü      ses.o.               
 
But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths    they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of  what they had seen.
--Su    ü      koş.o.x        u    sa    ü  çeş.o  apo.r        ga        vencü        sa      edo.ma.i  te  ü      yud.o  üz    tümlei    sa          obe                          ego    venve    sa  yo  ta      ü      ses.o.  
                
The successful fishermen of that day                      were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them  laid      full length  across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for  the ice lorry/truck  to carry  them to the market in Havana.  
The successful fishermen of that day                      were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them  laid      full length  across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for  the ice lorry/truck  to carry  them to the market in Havana.  
Camda.z  suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.ba.i (yo osu camda)    bab.o  oy    mü  sa        dub.o        üz  şenma  em  sa  kac.o    ü        yel.o.n    efu vutma  ko    çi    hönpi,    ne  çi solma    yüş.iş        ma  çenfi  yo  öşö  hönpi,  lu  şenfi hanho      te        ü      rav.o    şo      vönvi vitlo            kacoş      ü        (lu)      hinmi    in Havana.                               
 
--Camda.z  suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.ba.i (yo osu camda)    bab.o  oy    mü  sa        dub.o        üz  şenma  em  sa  kac.o    ü        yel.o.n    efu vutma  ko    çi    hönpi,    ne  çi solma    yüş.iş        ma  çenfi  yo  öşö  hönpi,  lu  şenfi hanho      te        ü      rav.o    şo      vönvi vitlo            kacoş      ü        (lu)      hinmi    in Havana.                               
 
Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory  on the other side  of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins  cut off    and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh      cut        into        strips    for    salting.  
Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory  on the other side  of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins  cut off    and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh      cut        into        strips    for    salting.  
İsü    to        kek.o      şenrii,        kat.o        ü      (lu  şenri  hinfa      mu        opu  vunsi    yo      vinko  te    ü      koh.o.n      mu    koh.ana,                    üz  senlii    lomo.n,  üz  sünfii  kuc.o.n öl  sa  üz        sansii      diş.o.n        sa    üz    sunfe  kuc.o.n  (mü)(lu) çanşıi    şo  denso.k.ko.                                                                                                                                                       
 
--İsü    to        kek.o      şenrii,        kat.o        ü      (lu  şenri  hinfa      mu        opu  vunsi    yo      vinko  te    ü      koh.o.n      mu    koh.ana,                    üz  senlii    lomo.n,  üz  sünfii  kuc.o.n öl  sa  üz        sansii      diş.o.n        sa    üz    sunfe  kuc.o.n  (mü)(lu) çanşıi    şo  denso.k.ko.                                                                                                                                                       
When the wind was  in the east        a smell    came  across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today        there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and  sunny          on the Terrace.  
When the wind was  in the east        a smell    came  across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today        there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and  sunny          on the Terrace.  
Tu        venvi    bab.o mü  vundo        miş.şi    yom.o      ko          hunpo                lü          şenşa hinfa;      su  at                  efü vusyu yo miş.şi bebo      öf                            be            venvi        sub.o      mü lu  vunno    sa  ar      şod.o  öl      sa    u bab.o    apü    sa  vessu.do(lo) (mo)  hante.   
 
--Tu        venvi    bab.o mü  vundo        miş.şi    yom.o      ko          hunpo                lü          şenşa hinfa;      su  at                  efü vusyu yo miş.şi bebo      öf                            be            venvi        sub.o      mü lu  vunno    sa  ar      şod.o  öl      sa    u bab.o    apü    sa  vessu.do(lo) (mo)  hante.   
 
“Santiago,” the boy said.
“Santiago,” the boy said.
“Santiago,”  solbo ças.o.
 
--“Santiago,”  solbo ças.o.
 
“Yes,” the old man said.  He was holding his  glass and thinking of many years ago.
“Yes,” the old man said.  He was holding his  glass and thinking of many years ago.
“Ay”      solmo    ças.o.    U        loh.u      uz  dinga  sa  bit.ü    (yo)  oşü camya  ey.
 
“Can I go    out    to  get  sardines for  you for  tomorrow?”  
--“Ay”      solmo    ças.o.    U        loh.u      uz  dinga  sa  bit.ü    (yo)  oşü camya  ey.
Ja    byog.a em    reg.eş    şensa.i    şo  u    şo  ot/camto?
 
“No.  Go    and play  baseball.  I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.”  
“Can I go    out    to  get  sardines for  you for  tomorrow?”
“Ya.  Yog.eş  sa  teb.eş tambu.  A  b.tor.e  es  sa  Rogelio      kuf.a        tümfö.”
“I would like to go.  If    I cannot fish  with you, I would like to serve in some way.”  
--Ja    byog.a em    reg.eş    şensa.i    şo  u    şo  ot/camto?
A    s.bal.ek yog.eş.  Fe  a  b.tüm.a.x  ne    o,    a    s.bal.ek      feseş  mü öşo  hünve.
 
“No.  Go    and play  baseball.  I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.”
--“Ya.  Yog.eş  sa  teb.eş tambu.  A  b.tor.e  es  sa  Rogelio      kuf.a        tümfö.”
 
“I would like to go.  If    I cannot fish  with you, I would like to serve in some way.”
--A    s.bal.ek yog.eş.  Fe  a  b.tüm.a.x  ne    o,    a    s.bal.ek      feseş  mü öşo  hünve.
 
“You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You  are  already a man”  
“You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You  are  already a man”  
“O      hub.o    a    denbe”,    solmo    ças.o.    “O bab.e      oy    solma.”
 
“How  old        was I      when you first took me in a boat?”            
--“O      hub.o    a    denbe”,    solmo    ças.o.    “O bab.e      oy    solma.”
“Üta cam(ge)  a  bab.o    tu      o  kat.o oyür  a  mü  vitbo?”
 
“Five and you (almost)nearly  were killed when I brought the fish  in to green and he nearly tore the  boat            to pieces.    Can you remember?”  
“How  old        was I      when you first took me in a boat?”
“Li      sa      o        ah                  piy.o.n.ç      tu      a  lib.o      şenfi    mü lu  öfö    sa    u      al      get.o    vitbo              lu çinpi.i.      J.o        b.bar.e?     
           
--“Üta cam(ge)  a  bab.o    tu      o  kat.o oyür  a  mü  vitbo?”
 
“Five and you (almost)nearly  were killed when I brought the fish  in to green and he nearly tore the  boat            to pieces.    Can you remember?”
--“Li      sa      o        ah                  piy.o.n.ç      tu      a  lib.o      şenfi    mü lu  öfö    sa    u      al      get.o    vitbo              lu çinpi.i.      J.o        b.bar.e?  
    
“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.  
“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.  
“A      b.bar.e        sünta    paş.iş      sa  çab.iş    sa            lot.aya    keb.iş      sa    vanno    yo  pub.bu.
 
--“A      b.bar.e        sünta    paş.iş      sa  çab.iş    sa            lot.aya    keb.iş      sa    vanno    yo  pub.bu.
 
I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow  where  the wet  coiled  lines  were  and    feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell      all over me.”
I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow  where  the wet  coiled  lines  were  and    feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell      all over me.”
A    b.bar.e (du)  o    kuf.u                    a    mü lu vitbö  te  (bab.o) odux kaç.ono tümle.i    sa (du)    a mef.i            öşa vitbo    şiv.e      sa    vanno (yo)  o  pub.iş    u        ge    doç.ço      şirte omur    sa          eşe  sanla miş.şi    oşi  ka  a.   
 
--A    b.bar.e (du)  o    kuf.u                    a    mü lu vitbö  te  (bab.o) odux kaç.ono tümle.i    sa (du)    a mef.i            öşa vitbo    şiv.e      sa    vanno (yo)  o  pub.iş    u        ge    doç.ço      şirte omur    sa          eşe  sanla miş.şi    oşi  ka  a.   
 
“Can you really remember that or did I just tell    it to you?”  
“Can you really remember that or did I just tell    it to you?”  
“Jo            bbar.e    ül          osu  so    ja    çet.o aju  u  (lu) o?”
 
--“Jo            bbar.e    ül          osu  so    ja    çet.o aju  u  (lu) o?”
 
“I remember everything from when      we first  went  together.”  
“I remember everything from when      we first  went  together.”  
“A    bar.e          işüba        lü      tu        e  yog.o  oyür    oç.”
 
--“A    bar.e          işüba        lü      tu        e  yog.o  oyür    oç.”
 
The old man looked at him with his          sun-burned,      confident loving    eyes.
The old man looked at him with his          sun-burned,      confident loving    eyes.
Solmo          bul.o        u    ne    uz      vessu-kab.ono,      oko  bol.iko  sinye.i  
 
--Solmo          bul.o        u    ne    uz      vessu-kab.ono,      oko  bol.iko  sinye.i  
 
“If you were        my boy(son)    I’d take    you out  and  gamble,” he said. But you are    your father’s and your mother’s and you are    in    a lucky      boat.”  
“If you were        my boy(son)    I’d take    you out  and  gamble,” he said. But you are    your father’s and your mother’s and you are    in    a lucky      boat.”  
“Fe  o  bab.e.k  az  solbo(salsa)  a  skat.ek    o  em    sa    stag.ek”  u  ças.o.  “Su o (bab.e)  oz  salfa.z    sa    oz    salma.z    sa    o  bab.e  mü  benlu.do vitbo.”
 
--“Fe  o  bab.e.k  az  solbo(salsa)  a  skat.ek    o  em    sa    stag.ek”  u  ças.o.  “Su o (bab.e)  oz  salfa.z    sa    oz    salma.z    sa    o  bab.e  mü  benlu.do vitbo.”
 
“May I get the sardines?    I  know  where I can get  four baits too.”  
“May I get the sardines?    I  know  where I can get  four baits too.”  
“Ja    d.reg.e  şensa.i?        A  bon.e  te    a  b.reg.e  ki  tümba af”
 
--“Ja    d.reg.e  şensa.i?        A  bon.e  te    a  b.reg.e  ki  tümba af”
 
“I have mine left from today.  I    put  them in  salt      in the box.”  
“I have mine left from today.  I    put  them in  salt      in the box.”  
“A    lel.o  iza    lü  camda.        A  kup.o    ü  mü denso  mü dönbö.”
 
--“A    lel.o  iza    lü  camda.        A  kup.o    ü  mü denso  mü dönbö.”
 
“Let me get four fresh ones.”   
“Let me get four fresh ones.”   
En      a reg.e  ki    efi  çinti.  
 
“One,” the old man said. His hope and  his confidence had never gone. But now they  were freshening as when the breeze rises.  
--En      a reg.e  ki    efi  çinti.  
“Bi”,        solmo  ças.o.  Uz  bonho  sa  uz  masko        yog.ox    is.      Su      it    ü          ofe.l.ü                tu            venbe          çir.e.      
 
“One,” the old man said. His hope and  his confidence had never gone. But now they  were freshening as when the breeze rises.
--“Bi”,        solmo  ças.o.  Uz  bonho  sa  uz  masko        yog.ox    is.      Su      it    ü          ofe.l.ü                tu            venbe          çir.e.
       
“Two,” the boy said.
“Two,” the boy said.
“Çi”,    solbo    ças.o .
 
--“Çi”,    solbo    ças.o .
 
“Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”  
“Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”  
“Çi”,          solmo        soy.o.    “O    höş.ox        ü?
 
--“Çi”,          solmo        soy.o.    “O    höş.ox        ü?
 
“I would,” the boy said.    “But I bought these.”  
“I would,” the boy said.    “But I bought these.”  
“A  s.bab.o.k” solbo  ças.o.  Su  a  hub.o    ise”
 
--“A  s.bab.o.k” solbo  ças.o.  Su  a  hub.o    ise”
 
“Thank you,” the old man said. He was  too  plain/simple to wonder when  he  had attained humility.
“Thank you,” the old man said. He was  too  plain/simple to wonder when  he  had attained humility.
“Sat o”,              solmo  ças.o.      U  bab.o  oh      epi              bov.eş        tu      u      lut.o          buh.ada (buh.hu).
 
--“Sat o”,              solmo  ças.o.      U  bab.o  oh      epi              bov.eş        tu      u      lut.o          buh.ada (buh.hu).
 
But he  knew          he had attained it and he knew          it  was not disgraceful                      and  it  carried  no  loss  of    true pride.  
But he  knew          he had attained it and he knew          it  was not disgraceful                      and  it  carried  no  loss  of    true pride.  
Su    u  bon.o  du  u      lut.o          u    sa  u  bon.o  du  u  bab.o.x    pösdi.do (pösgö.do.x)  sa  u  kac.o.x  ya  los.so yo  etu menpi.
 
--Su    u  bon.o  du  u      lut.o          u    sa  u  bon.o  du  u  bab.o.x    pösdi.do (pösgö.do.x)  sa  u  kac.o.x  ya  los.so yo  etu menpi.
 
“Tomorrow is going to be a good day  with  this  current,”            he  said.  
“Tomorrow is going to be a good day  with  this  current,”            he  said.  
“Camto            bab.a            ego  camda    ne  osa  vencü(vof.fo)” u  ças.o.
 
--“Camto            bab.a            ego  camda    ne  osa  vencü(vof.fo)” u  ças.o.
 
“Where are you going?” the boy asked.  
“Where are you going?” the boy asked.  
“Ote        o      yog.i ?    solbo    çay.o.
 
--“Ote        o      yog.i ?    solbo    çay.o.
 
“Far/distant    out    to come  in  when the wind    shifts.      I want  to  be  out  before  it is light.”  
“Far/distant    out    to come  in  when the wind    shifts.      I want  to  be  out  before  it is light.”  
“Edi                  em    yom.eş    mü  tu      venvi      riş.e.m.  A  bav.e  bab.eş  em      de  u  vüsli.”  
 
--“Edi                  em    yom.eş    mü  tu      venvi      riş.e.m.  A  bav.e  bab.eş  em      de  u  vüsli.”
 
“I’ll try to get  him to work  far out,” the boy said.  “Then if you    hook    truly  big  something  we can come to your aid.”  
“I’ll try to get  him to work  far out,” the boy said.  “Then if you    hook    truly  big  something  we can come to your aid.”  
“A  lıt.a  regeş  u    haveş    edi em”,    solbo ças.o.    “Ar  fe  o    tümhö.k.a  etur  ebi şobse,        e    b.yom.e    lu    oz  pisye ”
 
--“A  lıt.a  regeş  u    haveş    edi em”,    solbo ças.o.    “Ar  fe  o    tümhö.k.a  etur  ebi şobse,        e    b.yom.e    lu    oz  pisye ”
 
“He does not like to work too far out.”  
“He does not like to work too far out.”  
“U        balex          haveş    oh  edi em.”
 
“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him  to come  out  after (from behind of) dolphin.”  
--“U        balex          haveş    oh  edi em.”
“Ya”,  solbo  ças.o.  “Su  a  ses.a      şobse      du    u    b.ses.e.x          çe      şönbi  hav.iş    sa  reg.a  u    yomeş  em    (şa) şendöz lü mo.”
 
“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him  to come  out  after (from behind of) dolphin.”
--“Ya”,  solbo  ças.o.  “Su  a  ses.a      şobse      du    u    b.ses.e.x          çe      şönbi  hav.iş    sa  reg.a  u    yomeş  em    (şa) şendöz lü mo.”
 
“Are his eyes    that  bad?”  
“Are his eyes    that  bad?”  
“J. uz  sinye.i  (osu) ça    ego.x?
 
--“J. uz  sinye.i  (osu) ça    ego.x?
 
“He is almost blind.”  
“He is almost blind.”  
“U        ah        ori”
 
--“U        ah        ori”
 
“It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing.  That is      what  kills  the eyes.”  
“It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing.  That is      what  kills  the eyes.”  
“Eno.x”,            solmo  ças.o.        “U  yog.o.x  is  şintu.k.ku.    İsu bab.e    ta    piy.e  sinye.i”  
 
- -“Eno.x”,            solmo  ças.o.        “U  yog.o.x  is  şintu.k.ku.    İsu bab.e    ta    piy.e  sinye.i”
 
“But you went  turtle-ing      for  years                      off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good
“But you went  turtle-ing      for  years                      off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good
“Su    o  yog.o  şintu.k.ku  ho camya.i (elo camyai)    lö    Mosquito Coast    sa    oz  sinye.i  edi.   


Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeşx  
--“Su    o  yog.o  şintu.k.ku  ho camya.i (elo camyai)    lö    Mosquito Coast    sa    oz  sinye.i  edi.<br>
Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass: Çö venre kon.e emi.x na vonga
   
Like an unwanted stranger: Ge  bav.ono.x  solfo
 
There is no danger: Binde beb.ex
Little child, be not afraid: --Ebix solça, mafeşx
I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut
 
Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass:-- Çö venre kon.e emi.x na vonga
Like an unwanted stranger:-- Ge  bav.ono.x  solfo
There is no danger: --Binde beb.ex
I am here tonight:-- A bab.e ik ut


Little child, be not afraid: Ebix solça, mafeş.x
Little child, be not afraid:-- Ebix solça, mafeş.x
Though thunder explodes and lightning flash: Çö ventö çoz.e sa venli vaf.e
Illuminates: Vay.e
Though thunder explodes and lightning flash:-- Çö ventö çoz.e sa venli vaf.e  
Your tear-stained face: Oz sanfü-laş.ono sinfa
I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut
Illuminates:-- Vay.e
Your tear-stained face:-- Oz sanfü-laş.ono sinfa
I am here tonight:-- A bab.e ik ut