Fruwi: Difference between revisions

The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier to humans or much easier to english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.  

Fruwi is a [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sapirs-morphological-classification-of-languages_tbl1_344321331 agglutinative analytic] language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic.

The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the language on the other side of the arrow, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.

The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi & Russo & Funris do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.  

| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical

| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || (ɲ)    || ŋ      ||  

| Lenis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || (c)    || k      || ʡ

| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ     || ʡ

| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || s      ||        ||        || χ      || ħ

| Fortis Fricative      || β      || z      ||        ||        || ʁ     || ħ

| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      || t̆ʃ    ||        ||        ||  

| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z      || d̆ʒ    ||        ||        ||  

| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||        ||  

| Approximant            || ʷ      ||         || (ɹ̠ʲ)  || j      || w      ||

| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||  

| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical

| Fortis Fricative      || β      || ð      || ʐ      ||        || ɣ      || ħ

| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      ||        ||        ||        ||

| Fortis Affricate      ||       || d̆z     ||       ||        ||        ||

| Trill                  ||        || r       ||        ||       ||        ||

| Approximant            || ʷ      ||        || (ɻ)    || j      || w     ||  

| Lateral Approximant   ||       || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||  

 

! colspan="6" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes

| Diaphonemes || ə || e || o

| Standard    || ə || e̞ || o̞

| Sontrai Ban || œ || e || o̞

| Sontrai Tun || ɨ || e̞ || o̞

| Haishi Ban  || ɑ || e̞ || o̞

| Haishi Tun  || ʌ || e̞ || o

|}

===Stress and intonation===

* Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/

* Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, also has a rising intonation /↗︎/

syllable structure is: (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)

a more specific version is:  (CA)V(V)(RC) & GV(V)

! colspan="5" | Allophony of different dialects of Fruwi

|

* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ => [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/

** kʰi => cʰi, gi => ɟi, ŋi => ɲĩ

** ikʰ => icʰ, ig => iɟ, iŋ => ĩɲ

** kʰj(V) => cʰj(V), gj(V) => ɟj(V), ŋj => ɲj̃(Ṽ)

* /w/ => [w] near /i, e/

**

|

** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]

* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA

|

|

* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant

** /sɹ/→[sɹ̊], /zɹ/→[zɹ̬], /fɹu/→[fɹ̊ᵛůᵛ]

! colspan="5" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi

| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal

| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        ||       || ñ

| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        ||        || g

| Fortis Stop            || p      || t      ||        ||        || k

| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      ||        ||        || x

| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      ||        ||        || q

| Lenis Affricate        ||        || c      || ch    ||        ||  

| Fortis Affricate      ||        || j      || jh    ||        ||  

| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||  

| Approximant            ||        ||         ||        || y      || w

 

| Special Lenis Stop    || ʮb     || ʮd       ||        ||        || ʮg

| Special Fortis Stop    || ʮp     || ʮt       ||        ||        || ʮk

* <alenta> /a.len.ta/ and <alēnta> /al.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is alenta, while correct pronunciation is /al.en.ta/ (ambigious/ambisyllabic)

* <almenta> /al.men.ta/ and <almēnta> /alm.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is almenta, while correct pronunciation is /al.men.ta/ (ambigious)

* <amlenta> /am.len.ta/ or /a.mlen.ta/ but <amlēnta> /aml.en.ta/ is not even possible by previous rules; and /am.len.ta/ is the correct pronounciation (ambigious)

* <almlenta> /al.mlen.ta/ or /alm.len.ta/ but <almlēnta> /alml.en.ta/ is not even possible by previous rules; and /alm.len.ta/ is the correct pronounciation (ambigious)

==Morphology==

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===Noun phrase===

===Verb phrase===

===Sentence phrase===

===Dependent clauses===