Austronesian Hebrew

Phonology

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Phonology

Orthography

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Orthography

Nouns

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Nouns

Absolute State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-u	-āmi	-ūma	D
Genitive	-i	-aymi	-īma	O
Indirect	-a

Construct State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-Ø	-ā	-ū	D
Genitive		-ay	-ī	O
Indirect

PAH nouns comes in two genders, masculine and feminine. The tell-tale marker of the feminine gender is the -at suffix, at or near the end of the word. Unfortunately for students, the majority of feminine nouns appear masculine in the singular and dual, with only verb and adjective agreement to give them away. There are some feminine words that have the tell-tale t marker, but not the a before it, though a t can be part of the root of a masculine noun.

There are three cases in the singular and two in the dual and plural. They are called Direct, Genitive, and Indirect or Direct and Oblique.

The case cannot be distinguished in the pronominal state, except on the head of the construct-chain with the 1cs or 3ms pronominal suffixes. In those two instances, there are alternate forms of the pronominal suffixes for the oblique case.

There is also a group of nouns that ended in ע in PH, where became a kind of /e/ in PAH. This meant their declension became -o, -e, -a in the singular, -ēmi, -eymi in the dual, and -ōmi, -ēma in the pl. For example, ZRE (seed) is ziro, zire, zira, zirēmi, zireymi, zirōmi, zirēma and the very similar diro/arm.

Feminine

Absolute State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-(a)tu	-(a)tōmi	-ōtu	D
Genitive	-(a)ti	-(a)taymi	-ōti	O
Indirect	-(a)ta

Construct State

case	Singular	Dual	Plural	case
Direct	-(a)t	-(a)to	-ot	D
Genitive		-(a)tay		O
Indirect

There are some irregular nouns that are mostly masculine, but have feminine attributes: e.g. 'abu (father) is masculine, but looks semi-feminine in the dual/plural. Sing. 'abu, 'abi, 'aba Dual: 'abōtā, 'abōtay Pl.: 'abōtu, 'abōti. Note that this form is monoptotic in the singular construct, and has only one form for dual and plural construct.

Adjectives

Adjectives and participles do not reflect the dual, unless they are used substantively. So, you would have malku tôbu/𐨦͏𐨂𐨠͏𐨎 𐨐͏𐨂_𐨫𐨨 - a good chief and malkūma tobūma/𐨨𐨦͏𐨂𐨌𐨠͏𐨆 𐨨𐨐͏𐨂_𐨫𐨨 - good chiefs, but malkāmi tobīma/𐨨𐨦͏𐨁𐨌𐨠͏𐨆 𐨨͏𐨁𐨐͏𐨌_𐨫𐨨 - of two good chiefs, and also tobtōmi/𐨨͏𐨁𐨠͏𐨆𐨌_𐨦𐨠͏𐨆 = two good (women). Adjectives do not inflect for state.

Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person

case	Common	#
D*	𐨣𐨁͏𐨀͏𐨌 āni	sing.
D*	𐨐͏𐨂𐨣͏𐨌𐨀 anāku	dual
D*	𐨣͏𐨂𐨣͏𐨌𐨀 anānu	pl.

Second person

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D*	𐨠͏͏𐨺𐨀 atta	𐨠͏𐨁͏𐨺𐨀 atti	sing.
D*	𐨨͏𐨌𐨠͏𐨅𐨌͏𐨺𐨀 attēmā		dual
D*	𐨨𐨠͏𐨂𐨀 attum	𐨣𐨠͏𐨁𐨀 attin	plural

Third person

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D*	𐨬͏𐨱͏𐨂͏𐨌 hūwa	𐨩͏𐨱͏𐨁𐨌 hīya	sing.
D*	𐨨͏𐨁𐨱͏𐨂͏𐨌 hūmi		dual
D*	𐨨𐨿𐨱͏𐨂 hum	𐨣͏𐨺𐨱͏𐨁 hinna	plural

Personal - Suffix

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	D:-ī O:-ya V:-ni	-nāya	-nu
2m	-ka	-kūma	-kim
2f	-(e)k		-kin
3m	D: -ō O: -aw V:-hu	-hūma	-hum
3f	-ha		-hin

A simple work to attach pronominal suffixes to is sūsu/horse, because of its CVVC root.

	Sing.			Dual			Plural
	PAH	Roman.	Gloss	PAH	Roman.	Gloss	PAH	Roman.	Gloss
1c	𐨯͏𐨁𐨌𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūsī	my horse	𐨩͏𐨣͏𐨌𐨯𐨯͏𐨂	susnāya	the horse of us two	𐨣͏𐨂𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūsnu	the horse of us
	𐨩͏𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌 𐨣𐨁͏𐨨𐨫𐨮	sūsya ŋalamani	of my horse he greeted me
2	𐨐͏𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūska	your (m) horse	𐨨𐨐͏𐨂𐨌𐨯𐨯͏𐨂	suskūma	the horse of you two	𐨨𐨐͏𐨁𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūskim	the horse of you all (m)
	𐨐𐨯͏𐨅𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūsek	your (f) horse				𐨣𐨐͏𐨁𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūskin	the horse of you all (f)
3	𐨯͏𐨆𐨌𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūsō	his horse	𐨨𐨱͏𐨂͏𐨌𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sushūma	the horse of them two	𐨨𐨱͏𐨂𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūshum	their (m) horse
	𐨬𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌 𐨱͏𐨂𐨨͏𐨆𐨫𐨮	sūsaw ŋalamohu	of his horse she greeted him
	𐨱𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūsha	her horse				𐨣𐨱͏𐨁𐨯𐨯͏𐨂𐨌	sūshin	their (f) horse

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-. The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	𐨮͏𐨂 ŋu	𐨠͏𐨂𐨮 ŋatu	sing.
G	𐨮͏𐨁 ŋi	𐨠͏𐨁𐨮 ŋati
I	𐨮 ŋa	𐨠͏𐨮 ŋata
D	𐨨͏𐨁𐨮͏𐨌 ŋāmi	𐨨͏𐨁𐨠͏𐨆𐨌𐨮͏𐨌 ŋātōmi	dual
O	𐨨͏𐨁𐨩͏𐨿𐨮 ŋaymi	𐨨͏𐨁𐨩͏𐨿𐨠͏𐨮͏𐨌 ŋātaymi
D	𐨨𐨮͏𐨂𐨌 ŋūma	𐨠͏𐨂𐨮͏𐨆𐨌 ŋōtu	plural
O	𐨨𐨮͏𐨁𐨌 ŋīma	𐨠͏𐨁𐨮͏𐨆𐨌 ŋōti

Demonstrative

Near

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	𐨰͏𐨂 zu	𐨠͏𐨂𐨰͏𐨆𐨌 zōtu	sing.
G	𐨰͏𐨁 zi	𐨠͏𐨁𐨰͏𐨆𐨌 zōti
I	𐨰 za	𐨠͏𐨰͏𐨆𐨌 zōta
D	イッル゚̅ 'illū		dual / plural
O	イッリ゚̅ 'illī

Near deixis in Austronesian Hebrew follows the West Semitic pattern, PS *ðV > Aram. *ða > BH ze > PAH zu

Medial

case	Masc.	Fem.	#
D	'ellu	'ellōtu	sing.
G	'elli	'ellōti
I	'ella	'ellōta
D	'illū		dual / plural
O	'illī

Somewhat creatively, PAH uses the East Semitic near-deixis pronoun as medio-proximal deixis.

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective. It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns. More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case	Who?	What(ever)?	#
D	ミ̅ユ mīyu	マ̅ mā	sing.
G	ミ̅マ mīya
I	ミ̅乂 mīyi
D	ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi	マ̅マ̅ māmā	dual
O	ミ̅マィミ mīyēmi	マ̅マィ māmē
D	ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma	マ̅ム̅ māmū	plural
O	ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma	マ̅ミ̅ māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"

case	personal	impersonal	#
D	マッヌ mannu	ミ̅ヌ mīnu	sing.
G	マッナ manna	ミ̅ナ mīna
I	マッニ manni	ミ̅ニ mīni
D	マッヌマ̅ mannumā	ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā	dual
O	マッヌマィ mannumē	ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumē
D	マッヌム̅ mannumū	ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū	plural
O	マッヌミ̅ mannumī	ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

Suffixing

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-ㇷ/-ah

This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally.
e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmēmih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").

-ㇺ/-m

This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions:
ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanēmim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an lā- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.

-...-ㇺ/lā-...-m

vocative marker

-ィダ/-yda

Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinēda = twice

Independent

tm

there

hlm/hlny/hnny

here

`nt/`tn/ht

now

'apnk/'idk

then, thereupon

'al

'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives

kn

rightly, thus

mid

very much

'ēka(m)

how?

'iyyi/'i

where?

'an

where?

lama

why? for what

lō

not

bal

no, without

ying

there is/are

'ayin

there is/are not

Particles

-nu/ヌ

The Question Particle Any clause can be converted into question form by adding -nu/ヌ to the first word or phrase. Because the particle is in fact attached to the element of the sentence around which the interrogation centers, the use often requires a departure from the normal word order.

wa-/ワ

sentence conjunction

pe-/ペ

clause conjunction

ap

also

'ō

or, adversative

hlm

when, as soon as

hm

if, or

kī

since, because, if, when, which

Prepositions

Inseparable Prepositions

𐨦͏𐨅-/be- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	𐨦͏𐨁𐨌 bī	𐨩͏𐨣͏𐨌𐨦͏𐨅 benāya	𐨣͏𐨂𐨌𐨦͏𐨌 bānu
2m	𐨐͏𐨦͏𐨌 bāka	𐨨𐨐͏𐨂𐨌𐨦͏𐨅 bekūma	𐨨𐨐͏𐨁𐨦͏𐨌 bākim
2f	𐨐𐨦͏𐨅𐨌 bēk		𐨣𐨐͏𐨁𐨦͏𐨌 bākin
3m	𐨦͏𐨆𐨌 bō	𐨨𐨱͏𐨂͏𐨌𐨦͏𐨅 behūma	𐨨𐨱͏𐨂𐨦͏𐨌 bāhum
3f	𐨱𐨦͏𐨌 bāha		𐨣𐨱͏𐨁𐨦͏𐨌 bāhin

𐨫͏𐨅-/͏le- means to, onto, for, etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	リ̅゜ lī	ラ゚ナヤ̅ lanayā	ラ゚ヌ̅ lanū
2m	ラ゚カ̅ lakā	ラ゚クマ̅ lakumā	ラ゚ケㇺ͏ lakem
2f	ラ゚キ͏ laki		ラ゚キㇴ͏ lakin
3m	ロ̅゜ lō	ラ゚フマ̅ lahumā	ラ゚ヘㇺ͏ lahem
3f	ラ゚ハ̅ lahā		ラ゚ヒㇴ͏ lahin

カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'. The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.

	Sing.	Dual	Pl.
1c	カモィ kamoy	カモナヤ̅ kamonayā	カモヌ̅ kamonū
2m	カモカ̅ kamokā	カモクマ̅ kamokumā	カモケㇺ͏ kamokem
2f	カモキ͏ kamoki		カモキㇴ͏ kamokin
3m	カモゥ kamow	カモフマ̅ kamohumā	カモヘㇺ͏ kamohem
3f	カモハ̅ kamohā		カモヒㇴ͏ kamohin

タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. It cannot take a pronoun suffix, because pronouns are already definite.

Mixed

ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:

'it(ta)

with

gal(e)

'upon'

'im(ma)

'with'

'od(d)

still, yet

da

until

taqat(a)

under

'aqar(e)

after

lapan(a)

before

sabīb(e)

around

hinn(a)

ergative

Separable

beyna

between

bāda

behind

Verbs

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Verbs

Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.

Perfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	-tiy	-naya	-nuw
2	m.	-tā	-tema	-temu
	f.	-ti		-tina
3	m.	-a	-ā	-uw
	f.	-o	-tā

non-past Imperfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -u	na- - -ā	na- - -u
2	m.	ta- - -u	ta- - -āna	ta- - -ūna
	f.	ta- - -īna		ta- - -nā
3	m.	ya- - -u	ya- - -āni	ya- - -ūna
	f.	ta- - -u		ya- - -nā

Narrative Past Imperfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	wa- - -	wana- - -
2	m.	watta- - -	watta- - -ā	watta- - -ū
	f.	watta- - -ī		watta- - -ā
3	m.	wayya- - -	wayya- - -ā	wayya- - -ū
	f.	watta- - -		wayya- - -ā

Contemplative/Jussive

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -	na- - -
2	m.	ta- - -	ta- - -ā	ta- - -ū
	f.	ta- - -ī		ta- - -ā
3	m.	ya- - -	ya- - -ā	ya- - -ū
	f.	ta- - -		ta- - -ā

Cohortative and Imperative

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'a- - -a	na- - -a
2	m.	-(a)	-ā	-ū
	f.	-ī		-nā

The Narrative Past Imperfective is most often referred to by the old Hebrew name, the wayyiqtol. Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.

Form

Stem	Actor	Object	Goal	Local
Simple	QaTaL-	QuTāL-	niQTāL-	tiQTāL-
Intensive	QiTTēL-	QuTTēl-	'iQQaTTēL-	tiQaTTēL-
Causative	hiQTīL-	huQTīL-	hiQQaTīL-	hitQaTīL-

Old Hebrew Names

Stem	Actor	Object	Goal	Local
Simple	Qal	Qal Passive	Niphal	tG-stem
Intensive	Piel	Pual	Hiṯpael	Hutpael
Causative	Hiphal	Hophal	Hippael	Hištaphel

Numerals

All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case. Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness.

Cardinals

#	m.	f.
1	'ādu	'ādtu
2	ŋenāmi	ŋettōmi

One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives. They normally follow the noun they modifies. They may also be used substantively in the construct state.

#	m.	f.
3	ŋalōŋu	ŋaloŋtu
4	'arbu	'arabatu
5	gamēŋu	gameŋatu
6	ŋēŋu	ŋeŋatu
7	ŋābu	ŋabatu
8	ŋamōnu	ŋamonatu
9	tīŋu	tiŋatu
10	'aŋāru	'aŋatatu

The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive. They also have the opposite of gender-agreement. As in Hebrew, this is called chiastic agreement. That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns. The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies. The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun.

3	ŋaliŋyu	ŋaliŋyitu

Ordinal

After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals.

Syntax

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Syntax

Lexicography

Main article: Austronesian Hebrew/Lexicography