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Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Phonological history of Valthungian (view source)

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|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
Line 601: Line 601:
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
|-
Line 880: Line 880:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuklaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
Line 1,450: Line 1,450:


===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
This is a bit of a “fill-in-the-blanks” rule, which could easily have been rolled into the earlier [[#Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I|Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes]] rules as a secondary stage, but here it is as a separate rule to try to keep things chronological.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|650ᴀᴅ: Word-final [bz] and [dz] become devoiced.
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050|
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-bck]z → [+cnt][-vox] / ___#'''</span><br />
''“The clusters /bz/ and /dz/ become devoiced (and possibly spirantized, depending on the exact quality of /b/ and /d/ in this environment at this stage). This does not apply to the dorsal /gz/, which remains voiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bz → fs<br />dz → þs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘half’
!width=150| ‘beard’
!width=150| ‘day’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[halbaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bardaz''<br />[bardaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgiz''<br />[balɣiz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halfs''<br />[halɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''barþs''<br />[barθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''balgz''<br />[balgz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[xlaɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''blagz''<br />[blaɡz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlavfs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braðþs ''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blagz''<br />[blaɡʐ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blaǧ''<br />[blaʥ]
|}
¹ In the time of Gothic and Griutungi, the phonotactics of the language was such that voiced stops only occurred word-finally after a liquid. The exact nature of ⟨g⟩ is entirely speculative, but this interpretation assumes that it was a voiced stop.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| No
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Obstruents are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[-son] → hC '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a geminate obstruent becomes /h/.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bb → hb<br />
dd → hd<br />
pp → hp<br />
tt → ht<br />
kk → kh<br />
ff → hf<br />
þþ → hþ<br />
ss → hs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘egg’
!width=150| ‘speech’
!width=150| ‘father’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''aiją''<br />[ai̯jã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwissiz''<br />[kwi'''ss'''iz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''attô''<br />[a'''tt'''oːː]]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi ''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahdi ''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kwihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''ahdi''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''qvihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âdi''<br />['''aːd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qwîs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āde''<br />['''aːd'''e̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kwīs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until the H-Changes of Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting Vh sequences later undergo lengthening in the Middle Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Nasals are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][+nas] → C[-son][-nas][-cnt][-vox]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a nasal geminate becomes an unvoiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| mm → pm<br />nn → tn
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘swim’
!width=150| ‘know how’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swemmaną''<br />[swemmanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnaną''<br />[kunnanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þammai''<br />[θammai̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman ''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''swipman ''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''svipman''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switman''<br />[switman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kutnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatma]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting pm sequences resulting from mm later undergo shift to tm during [[#Changes_to_Geminate_Nasals_II|Changes to Geminate Nasals II]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| ll → dl<br />rr → dr
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to fall’
!width=150| ‘far from’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Metathesis===
===Metathesis===
===Deletion of s after r===
===Deletion of s after r===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/363238...366013"