Ilithian: Difference between revisions
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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. | |||
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi? | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | | '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| '''č''' /tʃ/ | | '''č''' /tʃ/ | ||
| '''ť | | '''ť''' /c/ | ||
| '''k''' /k/ | | '''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| '''dž''' /dʒ/ | | '''dž''' /dʒ/ | ||
| '''ď | | '''ď''' /ɟ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''v''' /v/ | | '''v''' /v/ | ||
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || ''' | | || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ || || '''h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | !colspan="2"| Liquid | ||
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| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | | '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | ||
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | | '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | ||
| '''ľ | | '''ľ''' /ʎ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | ||
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids | |||
Vowels: a e i u á é | |||
PIE oey | PIE oey > eg | ||
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | ||
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ||
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mjs, mjnes- 'month' | |||
ja > je? | ja > je? | ||
=== Iotation === | === Iotation === | ||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > č dž džh ť ď ďh | k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | ||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. | This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vrkaš''|| '' | |''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou'' | ||
|''loušnech''|| '' | |''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou'' | ||
|''důraš''|| '' | |''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrké'' || '' | |''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš'' | ||
|''loušné''||'' | |''loušné''||''loušnáu'' ||''loušnáš'' | ||
|''důré'' || '' | |''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''agňéš'' || '' | |''agňéš'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agňou'' | ||
|''matěch'' || '' | |''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou'' | ||
|''mařéš'' || '' | |''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | |''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | ||
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || '' | |''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích'' | ||
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | |''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''agňé'' || '' | |''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš'' | ||
|''maťé'' || '' | |''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš'' | ||
|''mařé'' || '' | |''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | |''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | ||
|'' | |''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!'' | ||
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | |''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patních'' || '' | |''patních'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patnijou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patnijé'' || '' | |''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''avýjouš'' || '' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|''žouštouch'' || '' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || '' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || '' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || '' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu, medhavi'' || '' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | |''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | ||
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||'' | |''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!'' | ||
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | |''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== n-stems === | === n-stems === | ||
=== Irregular nouns === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''žmenaš''|| '' | |''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''žmeni, žmené'' || '' | |''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | |''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== ma-stems === | === ma-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vnamenaš''|| '' | |''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || '' | |''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| '' | |''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || '' | |''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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=== -ýr nouns === | === -ýr nouns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr'' | ||
==== Masculine ==== | ==== Masculine ==== | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patreš''|| '' | |''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||'' | |''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patři, patré'' || '' | |''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!'' ||''pateré!'' | |''patre!'' ||''paterů!'' ||''pateré!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Feminine ==== | ==== Feminine ==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''gouch''||'' | |''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''gavé'' || '' | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! poss. | ! poss. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| '' | | ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | | ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | | ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive pronouns '' | The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form. | ||
=== Demonstrative === | === Demonstrative === | ||
Demonstratives: | Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral) | ||
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach | |||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | |''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | ||
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||'' | |''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých'' | ||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|'' | |''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''jsúrtami'' || '' | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|''jsúrté''||'' | |''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš'' | ||
|''jsúrtami'' || '' | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jvesouš''|| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|''jvesích''|| '' | |''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou'' | ||
|''jvesouš''|| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''jvesumi'' || '' | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|''jvesijé''||'' | |''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš'' | ||
|''jvesumi'' || '' | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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=== Participles === | === Participles === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' ' | |+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''jsas''||'' | |''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | ||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | ||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou'' | |||
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou'' | |||
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Dative''' | |||
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | |||
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech'' | |||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | |||
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch'' | |||
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi'' | |||
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch'' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš'' | |||
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš'' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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četuržat = 40 | četuržat = 40 | ||
pendžat = 50 | pendžat = 50 | ||
šežžat = 60 | |||
septažat = 70 | septažat = 70 | ||
aštůžat = 80 | aštůžat = 80 | ||
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Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.) | Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.) | ||
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | |||
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | *''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | ||
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | *''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | ||
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | *''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | ||
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | *''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | ||
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later | The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
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=== Ilithian textbook === | === Ilithian textbook === | ||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš | ''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.'' | ||
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
'''Avi | '''Avi ješvéče''' | ||
''Avi, | ''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
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'''Ilithian''' | '''Ilithian''' | ||
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, | ''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.'' | ||
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | '''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | ||
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''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | ''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category: | [[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]] |
Revision as of 01:43, 27 March 2024
Ilithian (gľauďhišká dažwá /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in Verse:Avišvijá, inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
Phonology
→ PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ň, ni /ɲ/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||
Plosive | tenuis | p /p/ | t /t/ | č /tʃ/ | ť /c/ | k /k/ | |
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | dž /dʒ/ | ď /ɟ/ | |||
breathy | bh /bʱ/ | dh /dʱ/ | džh /dʒʱ/ | ďh, dhi /ɟʱ/ | |||
Fricative | unvoiced | [f] | s /s/ | š /ʃ/ | [ç] | ch /x/ | |
voiced | v /v/ | ž /ʒ/ | g /j~ʝ/ | h /ɦ/ | |||
Liquid | l /l/, r /r/ | ř /(Czech ř)/ | ľ /ʎ/ |
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
initial e- > je-
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
ja > je?
Iotation
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: *bʰh₂nyoh₂ 'I shine' > *bʰanjō > *bʰāňō > CIlith bháňů 'I explain, I state'.
Nouns
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
o-stems
vrk (m.) = wolf | loušná (f.) = moon, month | důra (n.) = gift | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrků | vrké | loušná | loušné | loušnech | důra | důré | důrá |
Genitive | vrkaš | vrkáu | vrkou | loušnech | loušnáu | loušnou | důraš | důráu | důrou |
Dative | vrkej | vrkabhou | vrkabh | loušnáj | loušnábhou | loušnábh | důrej | důrabhou | důrabh |
Accusative | vrka | vrků | vrkouch | loušnou | loušné | loušnouch | důra | důré | důrá |
Ablative | vrkách | vrkabhou | vrkabh | loušnách | loušnábhou | loušnábh | důrách | důrabhou | důrabh |
Instrumental | vrký | vrkabhí | vrkéch | loušnajá | loušnábhí | loušnábhi | důrý | důrabhí | důréch |
Locative | vrké | vrkáu | vrkéš | loušné | loušnáu | loušnáš | důré | důráu | důréš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrků! | vrké! | loušna! | loušné! | loušnech! | důre! | důré! | důrá! |
i-stems
ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought | mař (n.) = sea | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | ageň | agňů | agňé | mať | maťé | matěch | mař | mařé | maří |
Genitive | agňéš | agňáu | agňou | matěch | maťáu | maťou | mařéš | mařáu | mařou |
Dative | agněj | agněbhou | agněbh | maťáj | matěbhou | matěbh | mařej | mařebhou | mařebh |
Accusative | agni | agňů | agních | mati | maťé | matích | mař | mařé | maří |
Ablative | agňéch | agněbhou | agněbh | maťéch | matěbhou | matěbh | mařéch | mařebhou | mařebh |
Instrumental | agní | agněbhí | agňéch | matijá | matěbhí | matěbhi | maří | mařebhí | mařéch |
Locative | agňé | agňáu | agníš | maťé | maťáu | matíš | mařé | mařáu | maříš |
Vocative | agně! | agňů! | agňé! | mati! | maťé! | matěch! | maře! | mařé! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
patní (f.) = wife | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | patní | patnijé | patních |
Genitive | patních | patnijáu | patnijou |
Dative | patní | patníbhou | patníbh |
Accusative | patní | patnijé | patních |
Ablative | patních | patníbhou | patníbh |
Instrumental | patnijá | patníbhí | patníbhi |
Locative | patnijé | patnijáu | patníš |
Vocative | patní! | patnijé! | patních! |
u-stems
avýju (m.) = wind | žouštú (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | avýju | avýjavů | avýjavé | žouštú | žoustavé | žouštavech | medhu | medhavé | medhú |
Genitive | avýjouš | avýjaváu | avýjavou | žouštouch | žouštaváu | žouštavou | medhouš | medhaváu | medhavou |
Dative | avýjavej | avýjubhou | avýjubh | žouštaváj | žouštubhou | žouštubh | medhavej | medhubhou | medhubh |
Accusative | avýjú | avýjavů | avýjúch | žouštú | žouštavé | žouštúch | medhu | medhavé | medhú |
Ablative | avýjouch | avýjubhí | avýjubh | žouštouch | žouštubhí | žouštubh | medhouch | medhubhí | medhubh |
Instrumental | avýjú | avýjubhí | avýjubhi | žouštujá | žouštubhí | žouštubhi | medhú | medhubhí | medhubhi |
Locative | avýjáu, avýjavi | avýjaváu | avýjúš | žouštáu, žouštavi | žouštaváu | žouštúš | medháu, medhavi | medhaváu | medhúš |
Vocative | avýjou! | avýjavů! | avýjavé! | žouštou! | žouštavé! | goustavech! | medhou! | medhavé! | medhú! |
n-stems
Irregular nouns
žmů (m.) = human | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | žmů | žmenů | žmené |
Genitive | žmenaš | žmenáu | žmenou |
Dative | žmenej | žmenabhou | žmenabh |
Accusative | žmena | žmenů | žmenech |
Ablative | žmenách | žmenabhou | žmenabh |
Instrumental | žmený | žmenabhí | žmenéch |
Locative | žmeni, žmené | žmenáu | žmenaš |
Vocative | žmů! | žmenů! | žmené! |
ma-stems
vnama (n.) = name | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | vnama | vnamené | vnamená |
Genitive | vnamenaš | vnamenáu | vnamenou |
Dative | vnamenej | vnamenabhou | vnamenabh |
Accusative | vnama | vnamené | vnamená |
Ablative | vnamenách | vnamenabhou | vnamenabh |
Instrumental | vnamený | vnamenabhí | vnamenéch |
Locative | vnameni, vnamené | vnamenáu | vnamenaš |
Vocative | vnama! | vnamené! | vnamená! |
s-stems
andh (n.) = spring (season) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | andh | andhesé | andhesá |
Genitive | andhes, andhesaš | andhesáu | andhesou |
Dative | andhesej | andhesabhou | andhesabh |
Accusative | andh | andhesé | andhesá |
Ablative | andhesách | andhesabhou | andhesabh |
Instrumental | andhesý | andhesabhí | andheséch |
Locative | andhesi, andhesé | andhesáu | andhesaš |
Vocative | andh! | andhesé! | andhesá! |
Also: nebh 'cloud'
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine noun.
-ýr nouns
TODO: Family members patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr
Masculine
patýr (m.) = father | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | patýr | paterů | pateré |
Genitive | patreš | patráu | patrou |
Dative | patrej | patrbhou | patrbh |
Accusative | patra | paterů | patrech |
Ablative | patréch | patrbhou | patrbh |
Instrumental | patrý | patrbhí | patrbhi |
Locative | patři, patré | patráu | patrš |
Vocative | patre! | paterů! | pateré! |
Feminine
Irregulars
gů (f.) = cow | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | gů | gavé | gavech |
Genitive | gouch | gaváu | gavou |
Dative | gaváj | gůbhou | gůbh |
Accusative | gou, gavou | gavé | gůch, gavech |
Ablative | gouch | gůbhou | gůbh |
Instrumental | gavá, gůjá | gůbhí | gůbhi |
Locative | gavé | gaváu | gouš |
Vocative | gů! | gavé! | gavech! |
Pronouns
Personal
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | jaha | tú | sa | sá | tach | - |
acc. | jmý (stressed), me (unstressed) | tý (stressed), te (unstressed) | ta | tou | tach | sý (stressed), se (unstressed) |
gen. | jmaná | tvaná | taš | tech | taš | svaná |
poss. | jmák, jmanák | tvák, tvanák | " | " | " | svák, svanák |
dat. | jmeži, jmé | tebhi, té | tasmej | tašáj, táj | tasmej | sebhi, sé |
abl. | jmežách, jmách | tebhách, tvách | tasmách | tašách | tasmách | sebhách, svách |
ins. | jmaný (m), jmajá (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvajá (f) | taný | tajá | taný | svaný (m/n), svajá (f) |
loc. | jmaji | tvaji | tasmi | tašé | tasmi | svaji |
case | 1du. | 2du. | 3du. | |||
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | nou | jou | sů | sé | té | |
acc. | nou | jou | tů | té | té | |
gen. | nájáu | jújáu | táu | táu | táu | |
poss. | náják | júják | " | " | " | |
dat. | nábhou | júbhou | tébhou | tábhou | tébhou | |
abl. | nábhou | júbhou | tébhou | tábhou | tébhou | |
ins. | nábhí | júbhí | tébhí | tábhí | tébhí | |
loc. | nájáu | jújáu | téjáu | tájáu | téjáu | |
case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | véch | júch | sí | sech | tá | |
acc. | nas | jus | touch | touch | tá | |
gen. | nasmou | jušmou | téšou | tášou | téšou | |
poss. | nasmák | jušmák | " | " | " | |
dat. | nábh, nasmabh | júbh, jušmabh | tébh | tábh | tébh | |
abl. | nábh, nasmabh | júbh, jušmabh | tébh | tábh | tébh | |
ins. | nábhi, nasmabhi | júbhi, jušmabhi | téch | tábhi | téch | |
loc. | nasméš | jušméš | téš | táš | téš |
The possessive pronouns jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák decline as o-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
Demonstrative
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
Adjectives
o-stem adjectives
Hard
masc. | fem. | neut. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | jsúrt | jsúrtů | jsúrté | jsúrtá | jsúrté | jsúrtých | jsúrta | jsúrté | jsúrtá |
Genitive | jsúrtaš | jsúrtáu | jsúrtou | jsúrtých | jsúrtáu | jsúrtou | jsúrtaš | jsúrtáu | jsúrtou |
Dative | jsúrtam | jsúrtabhou | jsúrtabh | jsúrtáj | jsúrtábhou | jsúrtábh | jsúrtam | jsúrtabhou | jsúrtabh |
Accusative | jsúrta | jsúrtů | jsúrtouch | jsúrtou | jsúrté | jsúrtouch | jsúrta | jsúrté | jsúrtá |
Ablative | jsúrtách | jsúrtabhou | jsúrtabh | jsúrtách | jsúrtábhou | jsúrtábh | jsúrtách | jsúrtabhou | jsúrtabh |
Instrumental | jsúrtý | jsúrtabhí | jsúrtéch | jsúrtajá | jsúrtábhí | jsúrtábhi | jsúrtý | jsúrtabhí | jsúrtéch |
Locative | jsúrtami | jsúrtáu | jsúrtéš | jsúrté | jsúrtáu | jsúrtáš | jsúrtami | jsúrtáu | jsúrtéš |
Vocative | jsúrte | jsúrtů | jsúrté | jsúrta | jsúrté | jsúrtech | jsúrta | jsúrté | jsúrtá |
Soft
u-stem adjectives
masc. | fem. | neut. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | jvesu | jvesavů | jvesavé | jvesí | jvesijé | jvesích | jvesu | jvesavé | jvesú |
Genitive | jvesouš | jvesaváu | jvesavou | jvesích | jvesijáu | jvesijou | jvesouš | jvesaváu | jvesavou |
Dative | jvesum | jvesubhou | jvesubh | jvesí | jvesíbhou | jvesíbh | jvesum | jvesubhou | jvesubh |
Accusative | jvesú | jvesavů | jvesúch | jvesí | jvesijé | jvesích | jvesu | jvesavé | jvesú |
Ablative | jvesouš | jvesubhou | jvesubh | jvesích | jvesíbhou | jvesíbh | jvesouš | jvesubhou | jvesubh |
Instrumental | jvesú | jvesubhí | jvesubhi | jvesijá | jvesíbhí | jvesíbhi | jvesú | jvesubhí | jvesubhi |
Locative | jvesumi | jvesaváu | jvesúš | jvesijé | jvesijáu | jvesíš | jvesumi | jvesaváu | jvesúš |
Vocative | jvesu | jvesavů | jvesavé | jvesí | jvesijé | jvesích | jvesu | jvesavé | jvesú |
Participles
masc. | fem. | neut. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | jsas | jsantů | jsanté | jsantí | jsantijé | jsantích | jsan | jsanté | jsantá |
Genitive | jsantaš | jsantáu | jsantou | jsantích | jsantijáu | jsantijou | jsantaš | jsantáu | jsantou |
Dative | jsantam | jsantabhou | jsantabh | jsantí | jsantíbhou | jsantíbh | jsantam | jsantabhou | jsantabh |
Accusative | jsanta | jsantů | jsantech | jsantí | jsantijé | jsantích | jsan | jsanté | jsantá |
Ablative | jsantách | jsantabhou | jsantabh | jsantích | jsantíbhou | jsantíbh | jsantách | jsantabhou | jsantabh |
Instrumental | jsantý | jsantabhí | jsantéch | jsantijá | jsantíbhí | jsantíbhi | jsantý | jsantabhí | jsantéch |
Locative | jsantami | jsantáu | jsantéš | jsantijé | jsantijáu | jsantíš | jsantami | jsantáu | jsantéš |
Verbs
Numerals
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
Syntax
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is Džená gájma gájet. (Using gájma 'song' as an object of gájeti 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be gájet.)
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
- Džená gájma gájet = The woman sings the song (cf. Onna wa uta wo utau)
- Gájma gájet džená = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. Uta wa onna ga utau)
- Žmenou dvů jstou = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. Hito wa futari ga iru)
- Tam švů jest = He has a dog (cf. Jp. Kare wa inu ga iru)
The -č or -če Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.
Sample text
UDHR
Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.
Ilithian textbook
Lesson 2
Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
Schleicher's Fable
Avi ješvéče
Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.
From Labyrint světa a ráj srdce
Ilithian
JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.
English (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
Czech original (Komenský)
O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.