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Kaikiwan: Difference between revisions
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** Hawaiian dialects | ** Hawaiian dialects | ||
| script1 = Latn | | script1 = Latn | ||
| agency = OPKLC | | agency = OPKLC | ||
| minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i | | minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i | '''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i. The youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu. | ||
Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | ||
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Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese. | Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese. | ||
The language has two types of tones: ''' | The language has two types of tones: '''high''' and '''low''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/. | ||
There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?". | There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?". | ||
Kaikiwan intonation is technically phonemic, meaning semantics can change based on tone pronunciation alone, though in practice very few words distinguish between themselves solely on tone. A commonly used example of this in the language itself would be the word for the islands of Hawai'i, ''húwui'', and the word for "salmon", ''hùwui'', although ''hùwui'' is an archaic term, and most modern speakers prefer the term ''sámo'', based on the English term. | Kaikiwan intonation is technically phonemic, meaning semantics can change based on tone pronunciation alone, though in practice very few words distinguish between themselves solely on tone. A commonly used example of this in the language itself would be the word for the islands of Hawai'i, ''húwui'', and the word for "salmon", ''hùwui'', although ''hùwui'' is an archaic term, and most modern speakers prefer the term ''sámo'', based on the English term. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Kaikiwan has a (C | Kaikiwan has a (C)V(V)(C) syllable structure. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
Kaikiwan has a ''sandhi'' system similar to the French ''liaison''. The most common type of sandhi in Kaikiwan is what the OPKLC calls ''naso-palatal sandhis'', or when one word ends with a /n/ and the next word begins with a /ʎ/, in which case the two sounds combine into one /ɲ/. A less common sandhi is the ''alveolo-labial sandhi'', where a /t/ and a /w/ side by side merge into a /tù/. | Kaikiwan has a ''sandhi'' system similar to the French ''liaison''. The most common type of sandhi in Kaikiwan is what the OPKLC calls ''naso-palatal sandhis'', or when one word ends with a /n/ and the next word begins with a /ʎ/, in which case the two sounds combine into one /ɲ/. A less common sandhi is the ''alveolo-labial sandhi'', where a /t/ and a /w/ side by side merge into a /tù/. | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Collective nouns==== | ====Collective nouns==== | ||
<small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns| | <small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|Nouns § Collective nouns]]''.</small><br> | ||
In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
! | ! Quintuple !! Decuple<ref>Idk man</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | | ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | ||
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| ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | | ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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| ''tona'' || ''iku'' | | ''tona'' || ''iku'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Unlike in English, third person pronouns are not gendered. | Unlike in English, third person pronouns are not gendered, so the sentence "''tona ìn po mai''" can mean "he is in front of me," "she is in front of me," "they are in front of me," "the person/man is in front of me" or "a person/man is in front of me." | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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Kaikiwan strong verbs change form irregularly based on pronoun and context. However, because strong verb conjugations are unique(usually based on intonation), strong verbs do not require a preceding pronoun. | Kaikiwan strong verbs change form irregularly based on pronoun and context. However, because strong verb conjugations are unique(usually based on intonation), strong verbs do not require a preceding pronoun. | ||
Strong verbs are often related to the state of a person | Strong verbs are often related to the emotional state of a person. | ||
=====''īni''("to be")===== | =====''īni''("to be")===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conditional | ! Conditional | ||
| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || '' | | ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘i'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | <small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | ||
====In Kaikiwan==== | ====In Kaikiwan==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana | <small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana sákona-ō: tèo-na Pa‘pā<br>tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.'' | <small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.'' | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
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<small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | <small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | <small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | ||
====In English==== | ====In English==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | <small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | ||