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Kaikiwan: Difference between revisions
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** Hawaiian dialects | ** Hawaiian dialects | ||
| script1 = Latn | | script1 = Latn | ||
| agency = OPKLC | | agency = OPKLC | ||
| minority = | | minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i | '''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i. The youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu. | ||
Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | ||
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===Hawaii=== | ===Hawaii=== | ||
The vast majority of Kaikiwan natives and L2 speakers alike live in Hawaii, specifically in Honolulu, with about 67% of the Kaikiwan diaspora living in Hawaii. Most Kaikiwan village elders also live in Hawaii, apart from the ''Pa‘éne-ikipíwa'' village, that still inhabit the eastern coast of Kaikiwi Island. | The vast majority of Kaikiwan natives and L2 speakers alike live in Hawaii, specifically in Honolulu, with about 67% of the Kaikiwan diaspora living in Hawaii. Most Kaikiwan village elders also live in Hawaii, apart from the ''Pa‘éne-ikipíwa'' village, that still inhabit the eastern coast of Kaikiwi Island. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The glottal stop is represented by two glyphs: in initial position, the glyph ⟨t⟩ is used, where as in any other positions, the ⟨‘⟩(''ókina''), derived from Hawaiian orthography, is used. | The glottal stop is represented by two glyphs: in initial position, the glyph ⟨t⟩ is used, where as in any other positions, the ⟨‘⟩(''ókina''), derived from Hawaiian orthography, is used. | ||
====Nasal palatalisation==== | |||
When /n/ is followed by /i/ or /a/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ]. | When /n/ is followed by /i/ or /a/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ]. The only exception to this rule is ''‘na'', which is a particle that roughly translates to "as" or "in the same way". ''‘na'' is pronounced [na]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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| a || (ä)<ref>Substitution for /a/, mostly used by L2 speakers who are not familiar with native phonetics.</ref> || || aː || colspan=2 | | | a || (ä)<ref>Substitution for /a/, mostly used by L2 speakers who are not familiar with native phonetics.</ref> || || aː || colspan=2 | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese. | Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese. | ||
The language has two types of tones: ''' | The language has two types of tones: '''high''' and '''low''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/. | ||
There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?". | There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?". | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Kaikiwan has a (C | Kaikiwan has a (C)V(V)(C) syllable structure. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Collective nouns==== | ====Collective nouns==== | ||
<small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns| | <small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|Nouns § Collective nouns]]''.</small><br> | ||
In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
! | ! Quintuple !! Decuple<ref>Idk man</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | | ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | ||
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| ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | | ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Far | ! Far | ||
| '' | | ''yo'' || ''yo‘é'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal pronouns==== | ====Personal pronouns==== | ||
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| ''tona'' || ''iku'' | | ''tona'' || ''iku'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Unlike in English, third person pronouns are not gendered, so the sentence "''tona ìn po mai''" can mean "he is in front of me," "she is in front of me," "they are in front of me," "the person/man is in front of me" or "a person/man is in front of me." | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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Kaikiwan strong verbs change form irregularly based on pronoun and context. However, because strong verb conjugations are unique(usually based on intonation), strong verbs do not require a preceding pronoun. | Kaikiwan strong verbs change form irregularly based on pronoun and context. However, because strong verb conjugations are unique(usually based on intonation), strong verbs do not require a preceding pronoun. | ||
Strong verbs are often related to the state of a person | Strong verbs are often related to the emotional state of a person. | ||
=====''īni''("to be")===== | =====''īni''("to be")===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conditional | ! Conditional | ||
| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || '' | | ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘i'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Sentences=== | ===Sentences=== | ||
====Constituent order==== | ====Constituent order==== | ||
Kaikiwan uses an SVO constituent order. | Kaikiwan uses an SOV or SVO constituent order. | ||
====Sentence phrase==== | ====Sentence phrase==== | ||
: ''Sáwa-na imol ìn | : ''Sáwa-na imol lampa ìn sa‘āk po-na sakani, igo tike po-na loda.'' | ||
: 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word | : 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word lamp.{{sc|sg}} is.3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|prs}} for 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} foot.{{sc|pl}}, light.{{sc|sg}} on 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} path.{{sc|sg}}. | ||
: Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path. | : Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path. | ||
:: ''(Psalm 119:105)'' | :: ''(Psalm 119:105)'' | ||
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<small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | <small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | ||
====In Kaikiwan==== | ====In Kaikiwan==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana | <small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana sákona-ō: tèo-na Pa‘pā<br>tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. | <small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.'' | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
<small>'''11'''</small> ''Yaká wá ito tèo-ō tèo-na iki‘i pán.''<br><br> | <small>'''11'''</small> ''Yaká wá ito tèo-ō tèo-na iki‘i pán.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | <small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | <small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | ||
====In English==== | ====In English==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | <small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | ||