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Kaikiwan: Difference between revisions
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** Hawaiian dialects | ** Hawaiian dialects | ||
| script1 = Latn | | script1 = Latn | ||
| agency = OPKLC | | agency = OPKLC | ||
| minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i | | minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i | '''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i. The youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu. | ||
Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000. | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Collective nouns==== | ====Collective nouns==== | ||
<small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns| | <small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|Nouns § Collective nouns]]''.</small><br> | ||
In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
! | ! Quintuple !! Decuple<ref>Idk man</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | | ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army" | ||
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| ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | | ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conditional | ! Conditional | ||
| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || '' | | ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘i'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | <small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small> | ||
====In Kaikiwan==== | ====In Kaikiwan==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana | <small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana sákona-ō: tèo-na Pa‘pā<br>tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.'' | <small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.'' | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
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<small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | <small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br> | ||
<small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | <small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.'' | ||
====In English==== | ====In English==== | ||
<small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | <small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br> | ||