Puhval: Difference between revisions

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====Nominalization====


===Inflectional morphology===
===Inflectional morphology===

Revision as of 05:13, 31 March 2024


Puval
Also known as "Puhval"
Puhval Name in the Puhvalmjah Script.png
Puval in Puvalmja script
Pronunciation[pɵ.vʌl]
Created byToastghost
Date2023
Settingsetting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.)
Native toreal or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=)
Ethnicitypeople for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers
                     (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to
pipe in the native name of the people here)
Extinctdate of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display
2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.)
Revivaldate of attempted or successful language revival
whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display
  • a more specific subfamily
    • Puval
Early forms
Buhval
  • Proto-Puhval
Standard forms
whatever you want to say
Dialects
whatever you want to say
Puvalmja
Sourcesnatural-language sources
Official status
Official language in
list of countries in which it is an official language
Recognised minority
language in
list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language
Regulated byregulatory body or language academy for the language
Development bodydevelopment body for the language
Language codes
ISO 639-1ISO 639-1 code for the language the ISO 639-1 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link
ISO 639-2the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family) for comments to not interfere with the link
ISO 639-3ISO 639-3 code for the language the ISO 639-3 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link
CLCRConlang Registry Code for the language
Glottologcode for the language Glottolog code for the language  name of code glotto
Glottolog code for the language Second Glottolog code for the language  name of code glotto2
ConWorkShopcode for the language ConWorkShop code for the language
IETFIETF (BCP 47) code for the language
BRCLBrightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language
caption to appear under map
caption to appear under both mapswidth.)

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Puhval Consonant Characters.png

Puhval Vowel Characters .png

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants


Labial Coronal Dorsal
Bi­labial Labio­dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Velar
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced
Nasal m
Plosive p d k
Sibilant fricative z ʃ ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative f v
Approximant ɹ
Lateral approximant l
Non-Pulmonic Consonants
Alveolar Velar
Ejective Stop
Affricates
Alveolar Post­alveolar
Pulmonic Sibilant
Ejective Central tsʼ
  • The sound /ʐ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ʌ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ʌ/ is not denoted
  • The sound /dʒ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ɛ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ɛ/ is not denoted

Vowels

Vowels

Front Front-Central Central Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
Close i
Near-Close ɪ y
Close-Mid e ɵ o
Mid ø̞
Open-Mid ɛ ʌ
Open ɑ

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Consonant Clusters
Stops/Affricates Fricatives Nasals Liquids
d̠ʒ tsʼ k p d v f ʐ z ʃ m ɹ l
Stops/Affricates d̠ʒ d̠ʒd̠ʒ d̠ʒtsʼ d̠ʒk d̠ʒp d̠ʒd d̠ʒkʼ d̠ʒtʼ d̠ʒv d̠ʒf d̠ʒʐ d̠ʒz d̠ʒ ʃ d̠ʒm d̠ʒɹ d̠ʒl
tsʼ tsʼd̠ʒ tsʼtsʼ tsʼk tsʼp tsʼd tsʼkʼ tsʼtʼ tsʼv tsʼf tsʼʐ tsʼz tsʼ ʃ tsʼm tsʼɹ tsʼl
k k d̠ʒ ktsʼ kk kp kd kkʼ ktʼ kv kf kz k ʃ km kl
p pd̠ʒ ptsʼ pk pp pd pkʼ ptʼ pv pf pz pm pl
d dd̠ʒ dtsʼ dk dp dd dkʼ dtʼ dv df dz dm dl
kʼd̠ʒ kʼtsʼ kʼk kʼp kʼd kʼkʼ kʼtʼ kʼv kʼf kʼʐ kʼz kʼʃ kʼm kʼɹ kʼl
tʼd̠ʒ tʼtsʼ tʼk tʼp tʼd tʼkʼ tʼtʼ tʼv tʼf tʼʐ tʼz tʼʃ tʼm tʼɹ tʼl
Fricatives v vd̠ʒ vtsʼ vk vp vd vkʼ vtʼ vv vf vz vm vl
f fd̠ʒ ftsʼ fk fp fd fkʼ ftʼ fv ff fz fm fl
ʐ ʐd̠ʒ ʐtsʼ ʐk ʐp ʐd ʐkʼ ʐtʼ ʐv ʐf ʐʐ ʐz ʐʃ ʐm ʐɹ ʐl
z zd̠ʒ ztsʼ zk zp zd zkʼ ztʼ zv zf zz zm zl
ʃ ʃd̠ʒ ʃtsʼ ʃk ʃp ʃd ʃkʼ ʃtʼ ʃv ʃf ʃʐ ʃz ʃʃ ʃm ʃɹ ʃl
Nasals m md̠ʒ mtsʼ mk mp md mkʼ mtʼ mv mf mz mm ml
Liquids ɹ ɹd̠ʒ ɹtsʼ ɹk ɹp ɹd ɹkʼ ɹtʼ ɹv ɹf ɹʐ ɹz ɹʃ ɹm ɹɹ ɹl
l ld̠ʒ ltsʼ lk lp ld lkʼ ltʼ lv lf lz lm ll
Vowel Clusters


Front Front-Central Central Back
Close Close-Mid Mid Open-Mid Near-Close Close-Mid Close Open-Mid Open
i e ø̞ ɛ ɪ y ɵ o ʌ ɑ
Front Close i ii ie iø̞ iy io
Close-Mid e ei ee eø̞ ey eo
Mid ø̞ ø̞i ø̞e ø̞ø̞ ø̞ɛ ø̞ɪ ø̞y ø̞ɵ ø̞o ø̞ʌ ø̞ɑ
Open-Mid ɛ ɛi ɛe ɛø̞ ɛɛ ɛɪ ɛy ɛɵ ɛo ɛʌ ɛɑ
Front-Central Near-Close ɪ ɪi ɪe ɪø̞ ɪɛ ɪɪ ɪy ɪɵ ɪo ɪʌ ɪɑ
y yi ye yø̞ yy yo
Central Close-Mid ɵ ɵi ɵe ɵø̞ ɵɛ ɵɪ ɵy ɵɵ ɵo ɵʌ ɵɑ
Back Close o oi oe oø̞ oy oo
Open-Mid ʌ ʌi ʌe ʌø̞ ʌɛ ʌɪ ʌy ʌɵ ʌo ʌʌ ʌɑ
Open ɑ ɑi ɑe ɑø̞ ɑɛ ɑɪ ɑy ɑɵ ʌo ɑʌ ɑɑ

Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.


Syllables

  • Onset sounds: All Consonants except /kʼ/, all vowel sounds except /ɑɪ/. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted, except the vowel sound /ɪ/ (except in the word “Adó”).
  • Nucleus sounds: All vowels, /v/, /l/, and /m/.
  • Coda sounds: All Consonants except /p/, all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted.

Romanization

  • For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/.
  • For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/
  • For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/
  • For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/.

Morphophonology

Morphology

Derivational morphology

Prefixes
Meaning Latinized
Feminine/Freedom/Chaos T'em
Masculine/Law/Order Adó
Holy Pet'r
One Zék
Two Zák
Three Zók
Four Zúk
Five Zík
Suffixes
Meaning Latinized
One who does Kazt'
Home/Place of Vem
One/Part of Mja
Start of T'ev
End of Det'
State of Mká
Color of El
Many of Lav
Adjective Form Et'
Adverb Form T'é

Nominalization

Inflectional morphology

Verb Endings
Form Latinized Example
Infinitive lz Merlz
Present Continuous it' Merit'
Past Perfect Animate Merké
Past Perfect Inanimate Merdé
Future Perfect Animate Merká
Future Perfect Inanimate Merdá
Interrogative lt' Merlt'

Syntax

Constituent order

Subject Object Verb

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Clauses

Dependent clauses

Interrogative clauses

  • Polar Interrogative clause - To apply the Polar Interrogative clause push the main verb to the start of the sentence with tense and adverbs following and adjective before verb. Drop the "lz" and add "lt'" to the end of the primary verb. Ex, “Jadlt’ t’ek jad”, literally meaning “Drinking you water?”
  • Opinion Interrogative clause- To apply Opinion Interrogative clause use the word “Llólt'’” before the subject. Ex, “Llólt vek t'emú”, literally meaning “Feel you about mom?”.
  • Standard Interrogative clause- To apply an Interrogative clause use the “Vikúlt'” meaning being, followed by the determiner “Vk’á” meaning what, before the subject. If you want to ask for the time , follow “Vk’á” by “kret ddim”. To ask about a place, follow “Vk’á” by “kret vvem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret vfem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret kazlz”. Ex, “Vikúit’ vk’á kret vvem”, literally meaning “Being what the time?”.

Imperative clauses

  • Command Imperative clause - to apply the imperative clause, repeat the subject pronoun/noun.

Noun Classes

Determination of Class

Nouns are split into 2 different categories being Animate and Inanimate. There are 4 reasons a noun is animate rather than inanimate, A it is living or once living, B is a place in which humans, animals, and/or spirits have inhabited in, C, it is related to time or d, the object has gained animacy though its experience.

Examples

  • "Kamat'" meaning person, is animate. Ex, "Krét Kamat' simv vikú" (The (animate definite) person good is.)
  • "Ómmék'" meaning Horse, is animate. Ex, "Krét' ómmék' fadí vikú" (The (animate definite) horse old is.)
  • "Ddim" meaning time, is animate. Ex, "Vikùlt vk'á krét ddim" (Is what the (animate definite) time?)
  • "Ts'emá" meaning table, would normally be inanimate, but say if it was in a family for generations, it could be considered animate. Ex, "Drét' ts'emá kat' vikú" (The (inanimate definite) table big is.) and "Krét' ts'emá kat' vikú." (The (animate definite) table big is.)

Articles

Within Animate and Inanimate classes articles are split into three article types: Indefinite, Definite, and Definite Plural.

  • Indefinite - An article used when the noun is unspecific or being introduced
  • Definite - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge
  • Definite Plural - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge and plural
Articles
Meaning Latinized
Indefinite (Animate) Kré
Definite (Animate) Krét'
Definite (Animate Plural) Krét'lav
Indefinite (Non-Animate) Dré
Definite (Non-Animate) Drét'
Definite (Non-Animate Plural) Dét'lav

Examples

  • "Kré" Indefinite Animate Article. Ex, "Kré ómmék revalz" (A horse runs.)
  • "Krét'" Definite Animate Article. Ex, "Krét adókvem kat' vikú" (The castle big is.)
  • "Krét'lav" Definite Animate Plural Article. Ex, "Krét'lav ts'ák'á mefó merlz" (The goats grass eat.)
  • "Dré" Indefinite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Dré prekát'at' felt'é vikú" (A poem here is.)
  • "Drét'" Definite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Drét' preká simv vikú" (The art good is.)
  • "Dét'lav'" Definite Inanimate Plural Article. Ex, "Mek dét'lav zamé pet'malz" (I the bags made.)

Affirmation and Negation

Affirmation

Negation

Basic negation can be done through 2 forms, auxiliary verb and prefix.

  • Auxiliary Verb Method - Use the auxiliary verb Pík'alz
  • Prefix Method - Apply the prefix "Pí" to the primary verb. Ex, "Mek Pít'akrémerlz" (I not cooking)

Numeral System

Base System

The Puval Adógekerm (Puval Number system) is a base 5 system.

Example texts