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Dogrish: Difference between revisions
→Alternations
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| colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A | | colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A | ||
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A special case of alternation are the collective nouns which are formed using the circumfix e-[root]-t, where, if the final phoneme of the root word is an elongated non-nasal consonant or a consonant cluster, the entire final consonant cluster becomes a ''stófð'': | |||
: ''efjællt'' [əˈfjæ:ˀ], "mountain range" | |||
: ''efuglt'' [ə̯ˈfu:ˀ], "poultry, birds" | |||
but | |||
: ''ebejnt'' [əˈbai̯nt], "skeleton, bones". | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Dogrish stress is phonemic in nature and not always easily predictable. Nevertheless, some general rules exist. | |||
# Stress never falls on an affix, nor does it fall on the final syllable of a regular verb in any of its conjugated iterations: | |||
## ''umöglig'' [uˈmø:li], "impossible" | |||
## ''kyrkelös'' [ˈky:kəløs], "churchless" | |||
# Stress never falls on a syllable following a ''stófð''; if, within a sentence, the first syllable of a word is stressed but follows a ''stófð'' in the previous word, a devoiced schwa is interfixed: | |||
## ''han skyljet ikke'' [ˈhɑn ˌskyljˀɯ̥.ˈiˀə], "he will not". | |||
# Stress always falls on the pitch accent if a word has one. | |||
====Stófð==== | ====Stófð==== | ||
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Possessive pronouns are less frequently used than the genitive personal pronoun. It is argued that possessive pronouns have recently taken over the function of the vocative when referring to possessions, as words for which previously the vocative may have been used are now always preceded by a possessive pronoun, and if no direct personal possessive relation is present a placeholder "eð" is used instead. | Possessive pronouns are less frequently used than the genitive personal pronoun. It is argued that possessive pronouns have recently taken over the function of the vocative when referring to possessions, as words for which previously the vocative may have been used are now always preceded by a possessive pronoun, and if no direct personal possessive relation is present a placeholder "eð" is used instead. | ||
Possessive pronouns referring to masculine and neuter words are declined using the same suffixes as nouns, which are affixed to the following roots: | Possessive pronouns referring to masculine and neuter words are declined using the same suffixes as nouns, which are affixed to the following roots: | ||
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Possessive pronouns referring to neuter words have their own seperate declension. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" | ||
|+ Possessive pronouns referring to | |+ Possessive pronouns referring to neuter words | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" | !! colspan="5" | Singular !! colspan="5" | Plural | ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" | !! colspan="5" | Singular !! colspan="5" | Plural | ||
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| Mir || Þir || Sir || Hirr || Þir || Ór || Yr || Þeir || Þeir || Þeir | | Mir || Þir || Sir || Hirr || Þir || Ór || Yr || Þeir || Þeir || Þeir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Locative | ||
| Minnt || Þinnt || Sinnt || Hinnt || Þiritt || Ónnt || Ynnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt | | Minnt || Þinnt || Sinnt || Hinnt || Þiritt || Ónnt || Ynnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Dogrish verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, number and person. | |||
Verbs are conjugated according to three tenses: the present, the past, and the future. They are also conjugated according to four moods: the indicative, the imperative, the conditional and the subjunctive. | |||
Verbs always end in '''-a''', '''-ja''', '''-er''', '''-å''' or '''-á'''. | |||
Dogrish verbs are divided into strong verbs, which follow irregular conjugation patterns and are subjected to umlaut, and weak verbs, which follow a regular conjugation pattern. Verbs ending in '''-å''' form a special case: in the present tense they follow the regular conjugation pattern of a weak verb, but in the past tense each '''-å''' verb follows a different irregular conjugation. | |||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
====Weak verbs==== | |||
=====Present tense===== | |||
======Indicative====== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Person | |||
! width="100px" | Jag<br>''I'' !! width="100px" | Þu<br>''you (sing.)'' !! width="100px" | Han/Hun/Það<br>''he/she/it'' !! width="100px" | Ví<br>''we'' !! width="100px"| Þí<br>''you (pl.)'' !! width="100px" | Þeir/Þár/Þyr<br>''they'' | |||
|- | |||
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk'' | |||
| tale<br>''talk'' || talað<br>''talk'' || tlet<br>''talks'' || colspan="3" | talar<br>''talk'' | |||
|- | |||
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say'' | |||
| segje<br>''say'' || segjið<br>''say'' || segt<br>''says'' || segjun<br>''say'' || colspan="2" | segjar<br>''say'' | |||
|- | |||
! -er verbs<br>lærer<br>''to learn'' | |||
| lære<br>''learn'' || læreð<br>''learn'' || læret<br>''learns'' || lærun<br>''learn'' || colspan="2" | lærer<br>''learn'' | |||
|- | |||
! -å verbs<br>gå<br>''to go'' | |||
| gå<br>''go'' || gått<br>''go'' || gået<br>''goes'' || colspan="3" | gåer<br>''go'' | |||
|- | |||
! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash'' | |||
| þvå<br>''wash'' || þvað<br>''wash'' || þvået<br>''washes'' || þvön<br>''wash'' || þvið<br>''wash'' || þva<br>''wash'' | |||
|} | |||
=====Past tense===== | |||
======Indicative====== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Person | |||
! width="100px" | Jag<br>''I'' !! width="100px" | Þu<br>''you (sing.)'' !! width="100px" | Han/Hun/Það<br>''he/she/it'' !! width="100px" | Ví<br>''we'' !! width="100px"| Þí<br>''you (pl.)'' !! width="100px" | Þeir/Þár/Þyr<br>''they'' | |||
|- | |||
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk'' | |||
| talade<br>''talked'' || taladað<br>''talked'' || talade<br>''talked'' || colspan="3" | talarad<br>''talked'' | |||
|- | |||
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say'' | |||
| segjade<br>''said'' || segjað<br>''said'' || segte<br>''said'' || segten<br>''said'' || colspan="2" | segter<br>''said'' | |||
|- | |||
! -er verbs<br>lærer<br>''to learn'' | |||
| lærade<br>''learnt'' || læraðe<br>''learnt'' || lærde<br>''learnt'' || lærten<br>''learnt'' || colspan="2" | lærter<br>''learnt'' | |||
|- | |||
! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash'' | |||
| þvu<br>''washed'' || þvuað<br>''washed'' || þvytt<br>''washed'' || þvönntun<br>''washed'' || þvejeð<br>''washed'' || þvánn<br>''washed'' | |||
|} | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||