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Dogrish: Difference between revisions
→Alternations
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| colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A | | colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A | ||
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A special case of alternation are the collective nouns which are formed using the circumfix e-[root]-t, where, if the final phoneme of the root word is an elongated non-nasal consonant or a consonant cluster, the entire final consonant cluster becomes a ''stófð'': | |||
: ''efjællt'' [əˈfjæ:ˀ], "mountain range" | |||
: ''efuglt'' [ə̯ˈfu:ˀ], "poultry, birds" | |||
but | |||
: ''ebejnt'' [əˈbai̯nt], "skeleton, bones". | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Dogrish stress is phonemic in nature and not always easily predictable. Nevertheless, some general rules exist. | |||
# Stress never falls on an affix, nor does it fall on the final syllable of a regular verb in any of its conjugated iterations: | |||
## ''umöglig'' [uˈmø:li], "impossible" | |||
## ''kyrkelös'' [ˈky:kəløs], "churchless" | |||
# Stress never falls on a syllable following a ''stófð''; if, within a sentence, the first syllable of a word is stressed but follows a ''stófð'' in the previous word, a devoiced schwa is interfixed: | |||
## ''han skyljet ikke'' [ˈhɑn ˌskyljˀɯ̥.ˈiˀə], "he will not". | |||
# Stress always falls on the pitch accent if a word has one. | |||
====Stófð==== | ====Stófð==== | ||
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Verbs always end in '''-a''', '''-ja''', '''-er''', '''-å''' or '''-á'''. | Verbs always end in '''-a''', '''-ja''', '''-er''', '''-å''' or '''-á'''. | ||
====Present tense==== | Dogrish verbs are divided into strong verbs, which follow irregular conjugation patterns and are subjected to umlaut, and weak verbs, which follow a regular conjugation pattern. Verbs ending in '''-å''' form a special case: in the present tense they follow the regular conjugation pattern of a weak verb, but in the past tense each '''-å''' verb follows a different irregular conjugation. | ||
=====Indicative===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
====Weak verbs==== | |||
=====Present tense===== | |||
======Indicative====== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural | ! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk'' | ! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk'' | ||
| tale<br>''talk'' || talað<br>''talk'' || | | tale<br>''talk'' || talað<br>''talk'' || tlet<br>''talks'' || colspan="3" | talar<br>''talk'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say'' | ! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say'' | ||
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! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash'' | ! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash'' | ||
| þvå<br>''wash'' || þvað<br>''wash'' || þvået<br>''washes'' || þvön<br>''wash'' || þvið<br>''wash'' || þva<br>''wash'' | | þvå<br>''wash'' || þvað<br>''wash'' || þvået<br>''washes'' || þvön<br>''wash'' || þvið<br>''wash'' || þva<br>''wash'' | ||
|} | |||
=====Past tense===== | |||
======Indicative====== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Person | |||
! width="100px" | Jag<br>''I'' !! width="100px" | Þu<br>''you (sing.)'' !! width="100px" | Han/Hun/Það<br>''he/she/it'' !! width="100px" | Ví<br>''we'' !! width="100px"| Þí<br>''you (pl.)'' !! width="100px" | Þeir/Þár/Þyr<br>''they'' | |||
|- | |||
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk'' | |||
| talade<br>''talked'' || taladað<br>''talked'' || talade<br>''talked'' || colspan="3" | talarad<br>''talked'' | |||
|- | |||
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say'' | |||
| segjade<br>''said'' || segjað<br>''said'' || segte<br>''said'' || segten<br>''said'' || colspan="2" | segter<br>''said'' | |||
|- | |||
! -er verbs<br>lærer<br>''to learn'' | |||
| lærade<br>''learnt'' || læraðe<br>''learnt'' || lærde<br>''learnt'' || lærten<br>''learnt'' || colspan="2" | lærter<br>''learnt'' | |||
|- | |||
! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash'' | |||
| þvu<br>''washed'' || þvuað<br>''washed'' || þvytt<br>''washed'' || þvönntun<br>''washed'' || þvejeð<br>''washed'' || þvánn<br>''washed'' | |||
|} | |} | ||