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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
| | Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
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| '''Amphirese''' (''amphirifh'' /amphiriv/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Ancient Greek, (Sino?)-Korean, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Compared to [[Eevo]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Amphir|Amphir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern Amphirese speakers know Eevo. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
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| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | Flijeon River |
| ==External history==
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| Amphirese began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
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| ==Todo==
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| *Numbers: ciafh, tzyth, nysch, doiph, solitzh, ...
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| *Swadesh list
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| *Tigol > Amphirese sound changes
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| **How do syllabic resonants arise?
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| **e.g. imm- > syllabic nasal
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| **car > cr 'person'
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| **mh > fh
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| *Less rhymes than in Eevo or Anvirese, so poetry should be based on something else
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| *''gysph'' = narrow
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| *Some dialects are more Sino-Koreanish (more broad slender)
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| **a e i o u > y jy 'i o u
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| **ai ei oi ui > e 'i e i
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| **á éa í(o) ó ú > a je 'i o ou
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| **ái éi ói úi éu > ai 'i oi oui eou
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| **eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi jou joui
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| **ae ao aoi > e aou oi
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| **ia ua uai > 'ia oua oui
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| **'i and jV change the ''t'' series to the ''tz'' series
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| **Some of these dialects (the Sfətsiv-influenced ones?) might even have dueum beopchik ('initial law'): rjochth > njochth > jochth instead of rochth. Or perhaps r(j)- > n(j)-, l- > ng-, lj > j-
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| <poem>
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| plus, amphirese has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
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| le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern amphirese
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| but scutzis always used it
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| that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern amphirese
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| another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
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| which in modern amphirese was completely replaced with 'scid'
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| ca-ephyth = of that
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| ca-leth = that (acc.)
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| ca-dzeth = in that; there
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| ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
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| in that house = ca-dzen souar
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| or "dze cin souar"
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| both are valid
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| the first being more archaic
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| </poem>
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| ==Phonology==
| | Andaegol |
| ===Consonants===
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| *c g ch ŋ /k g kʰ ŋ/
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| *t d th n /t d tʰ n/
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| *tz dz tzh /ts dz tsʰ/
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| *p b ph m /p b pʰ m/
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| *f fh s sh (ś) (š) h /f v~fʰ s z~sʰ ç ɕ h/
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| *r l j /r ɴ̆ j/
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| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
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| Some consonants can be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
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| ===Vowels===
| | brjedjeong |
| i u ou e y a o /i ü u e ə a o/
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| Diphthongs: ai aou eou oi oui ia oua
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
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| ===Stress=== | | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
| Stress is always initial.
| | ==Phonology== |
| ===Prosody=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as the Thumaca accent, do not use this pattern.
| | *'''k g ng''' /k g ŋ/ |
| *In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") | | *'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/ |
| *In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?") | | *'''t d th n''' /t d θ n/ |
| *In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation. | | *'''p b f v m''' /p b f v~w m/ |
| | *'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/ |
| | *'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/ |
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| ==Morphology==
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
| ===Mutations===
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| Unlike [[Tigol]], Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Eevo]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
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| ===Nouns===
| | /t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized). |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
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| *plural absolute: ''-r''
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| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
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| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
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| e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyfhn'' 'woman', ''chyfhnyr'' 'women'.
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| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
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| Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-es, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
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| Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-es, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
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| ''i marna'' = my tree
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| ''i cythr sufhn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives do not inflect at all.
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| Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
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| ===Verbs===
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| Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. Most Tumaka verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
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| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
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| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''smŋi''
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| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋcu''
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| Past tense: usually ''-n'' (can be syllabic)
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| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋin'', perfective ''smŋin''
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| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecain'', perfective ''ŋcun''
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| ===Pronouns===
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| na, scid, fou, si, mech, tid, scid, thar
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *le = accusative (le + i > len) (only used with definite nouns in modern Amphirese)
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| **''le-na, le-s, l-ou, l-i, l-eth''...
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| *dze = in, at (dze + i > dzen)
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| **''dze-na, dze-s, dz-ou, dz-i, dz-eth, dze-m, ...''
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| *eph = to, for
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| **''ephna, ephes, ephou, ephi, epheth, ephym, efe, ephyc, ephur''
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| | ===Vowels=== |
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li]. |
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| [[Category:Tricin]] | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
| | | |
| | |} |