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| name = Kimow
| name = Kimow
| nativename = kimow
| nativename = kimow
| altname = Kimau<ref>Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of *kimauisch*.</ref>
| altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of ''kimauisch''.</ref>
| pronunciation = kʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[kʰǐm.ɑ̄w
| pronunciation = ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2024
| created = 2024
| speakers = 7.7 million(total)
| speakers2 = [[Kimow|Kimo]]: 3.96 million<br>[[Kimow|Wakki]]: 3.74 million
| date = 2024
| familycolor = language isolate
| familycolor = language isolate
| dia1 = Kimo dialects
| dia1 = Kimo dialects
** Igkin dialects
** Igkin dialects
*** Standard Igkin
*** Kemḥu Kka
*** Kemhu Kka
** Mukku (†)<ref>Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.</ref>
** Mukku (†)<ref>Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.</ref>
| dia2 = Wakki dialects
| dia2 = Wakki dialects
| script1 = Latn
| notice = ipa
| notice = ipa
}}
}}
'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''kimow''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[kʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[kʰǐm.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''', is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the Kimo and the Wakki, and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible.
'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''[[Contionary:kimow|kimow]]''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''',<ref name="kimau"></ref> is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the '''Kimo''' and the '''Wakki''', and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Kimow uses its own version of the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for writing.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels + pulmonic consonants
|-
! Letter<br>(Maj-min)
| A a || B b || C  c || D d || E e || F f || G g || H h || Ḥ ḥ || I i || J j || K k || Ḵ ḵ || L l || M m || N n || O o || Ö<br>ö || P p || S s || T t || U u || W w || V v || Y y || Z z
|-
! IPA
| a || bʱ || c || dʱ || e<br><span style=color:green>ɘ</span> || f || gʱ<br>ʔ<ref>When placed before /k/.</ref> || h || ɦ || i || ɟ<br><span style=color:green>g̟</span>|| kʰ || q || l || m<br><span style=color:blue>ɯ</span><ref name="meu"></ref>|| n<br>ŋ<ref>Before a velar plosive only.</ref> || <span style=color:red>o</span><br><span style=color:blue>ɑ</span> || ø<br><span style=color:green>ɵ</span>/<span style=color:green>œ</span>|| pʰ || s || tʰ ||  colspan=2 | <span style=color:red>u/ʊ</span><br><span style=color:blue>w</span><ref name="ʊ"></ref>  || v || j || z
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Aside from Wakki dialects using [w] as a replacement for [u] and [ʊ], consonants do not vary at all between Kimow speakers.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar/<br>Labial-velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plosive
! pulmonic
| || || || c ɟ || || q || ʔ
|-
! aspirated
| pʰ bʱ || || tʰ dʱ || || kʰ gʱ || ||
|-
! ejective
| pʼ bʼ || || tʼ|| || kʼ gʼ || qʼ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m<ref>Pronounced as [ɯ] in Wakki dialects.</ref>|| || n || ɲ || ŋ || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! pulmonic
| || f v || s z || ç || || || h ɦ
|-
! ejective
| || fʼ vʼ|| sʼ zʼ || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Approximant
! normal
| || || || j || w<ref name=ʊ></ref> || ||
|-
! lateral
| || || l || || ɫ || ||
|}
====Dentalisation====
When an alveolar plosive([t] or [d]) is behind a voiced fricative([z] or [v]), the plosive is dentalised, turning into [t̪] or [d̪]. This rule is present in all dialects apart from the moribund Mukku dialect.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
<span style="color:red">Red</span> sounds are exclusive to Kimo dialects, while <span style="color:blue">blue</span> sounds are exclusive to Wakki dialects. <span style="color:green">Green</span> sounds are exclusive to Igkin dialects, which although are a subset of Kimo dialects, do have some different sounds. Black sounds are in all sets of dialects.
<span style="color:red">Red</span> sounds are exclusive to Kimo dialects, while <span style="color:blue">blue</span> sounds are exclusive to Wakki dialects. <span style="color:green">Green</span> sounds are exclusive to Igkin dialects, which although are a subset of Kimo dialects, do have some different sounds. Black sounds are in all sets of dialects.
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i || ||  || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref>Allophone of [m] in initial position.</ref> <span style="color: red">u</span><ref name="ʊ">In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.</ref>
| i || ||  || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref name="meu">Allophone of [m]</ref> <span style="color: red">u</span><ref name="ʊ">In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.</ref>
|-
|-
! Near-close
! Near-close
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
Across all dialects, stress has only one pattern: prototonic in most cases, oxytonic when there is a case marker.
====Tone====
Use of tone in Kimow is not indicated in the orthography and varies by Kimo and Wakki dialects, though within their own subsets they tend to conform to one standard tone system.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | Tone
|-
! Kimo !! Wakki
|-
| high <br> [[Help:IPA|[˦ ] ]]|| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]]
|-
| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]] || mid <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧]]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˥˩]]] || low rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˨]]]
|-
| rising-falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧˦˧]]]
|-
| extra low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˩]]] || rowspan=2 | low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]]
|-
|  low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]]
|}
 
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Homonyms===
Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word ''vesi''(''visi'' in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so:
{{itou-standard|vesi|kimo=věsȉ|igkin=vɘ̌sȉ|wakki=vēsì|meaning1=bicycle<br>vehicle<br>two-wheeled vehicle<br>two wheels<br>(''coll.'') Dutch/Netherlands<br>Amsterdam<br>bridge for bicycles<br>bicycle path|meaning2=boat<br>ship<br>cargo ship<br>ship cargo<br>navy<br>sailor<br>(''rare'') United Kingdom<br>(''rare'') United States}}
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
Personal pronouns are only used in Kimo dialects. In Wakki dialects, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation alone.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=3 | Person
! First
| ''ku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰú]]] || ''sagku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sáʔ.kʰȕ]]]
|-
! Second
| ''seḵ''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sèq]<br>[sɘ̀q]]] || ''iḵḵim''<br>[[Help:IPA|[íqʼǐm]]]
|-
! Third
| ''vu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[vù]]]|| ''sutvu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sút̪.vú]]]
|}
====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun they are describing.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Near !! Far
|-
! Singular
| ''ki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰí]<br>[kʰǐ]]] || ''keḥki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkì]<br>[kʰě.ɦkì]]]
|-
! Plural
| ''ka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰà]<br>[kʰǎ]]] || ''keḥka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkà]<br>[kʰě.ɦkà]]]
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The Kimo dialect mainly uses SOV, though in the Wakki dialect, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation, meaning the verb order is more like VO.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
===Notes===




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