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Kimow: Difference between revisions
→Demonstrative
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| name = Kimow | | name = Kimow | ||
| nativename = kimow | | nativename = kimow | ||
| altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of | | altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of ''kimauisch''.</ref> | ||
| pronunciation = ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[ | | pronunciation = ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w | ||
| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| created = 2024 | | created = 2024 | ||
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| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''kimow''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ | '''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''[[Contionary:kimow|kimow]]''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''',<ref name="kimau"></ref> is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the '''Kimo''' and the '''Wakki''', and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Letter<br>(Maj-min) | ! Letter<br>(Maj-min) | ||
| A a || B b || C c || D d || E e || F f || G g || H h || Ḥ ḥ || I i || K k || Ḵ ḵ || L l || M m || N n || O o || Ö ö || P p || S s || T t || U u || W w || V v || Y y || Z z | | A a || B b || C c || D d || E e || F f || G g || H h || Ḥ ḥ || I i || J j || K k || Ḵ ḵ || L l || M m || N n || O o || Ö<br>ö || P p || S s || T t || U u || W w || V v || Y y || Z z | ||
|- | |- | ||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
| a || bʱ || c || dʱ || e<br><span style=color:green>ɘ</span> || f || gʱ<br>ʔ<ref>When placed before /k/.</ref> || h || ɦ || i || kʰ || q || l || m || n<br>ŋ<ref>Before a velar plosive only.</ref> || <span style=color:red>o</span><br><span style=color:blue>ɑ</span> || ø<br><span style=color:green>ɵ</span>/<span style=color:green>œ</span>|| pʰ || s || tʰ || colspan=2 | <span style=color:red>u/ʊ</span><br><span style=color:blue>w</span><ref name="ʊ"></ref> || v || j || z | | a || bʱ || c || dʱ || e<br><span style=color:green>ɘ</span> || f || gʱ<br>ʔ<ref>When placed before /k/.</ref> || h || ɦ || i || ɟ<br><span style=color:green>g̟</span>|| kʰ || q || l || m<br><span style=color:blue>ɯ</span><ref name="meu"></ref>|| n<br>ŋ<ref>Before a velar plosive only.</ref> || <span style=color:red>o</span><br><span style=color:blue>ɑ</span> || ø<br><span style=color:green>ɵ</span>/<span style=color:green>œ</span>|| pʰ || s || tʰ || colspan=2 | <span style=color:red>u/ʊ</span><br><span style=color:blue>w</span><ref name="ʊ"></ref> || v || j || z | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| pʼ bʼ || || tʼ|| || | | pʼ bʼ || || tʼ|| || kʼ gʼ || qʼ|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasal | ! colspan=2 | Nasal | ||
| m || || n || ɲ || ŋ || || | | m<ref>Pronounced as [ɯ] in Wakki dialects.</ref>|| || n || ɲ || ŋ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ||
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| || || l || || ɫ || || | | || || l || || ɫ || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Dentalisation==== | |||
When an alveolar plosive([t] or [d]) is behind a voiced fricative([z] or [v]), the plosive is dentalised, turning into [t̪] or [d̪]. This rule is present in all dialects apart from the moribund Mukku dialect. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! Close | ||
| i || || || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref>Allophone of [m] | | i || || || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref name="meu">Allophone of [m]</ref> <span style="color: red">u</span><ref name="ʊ">In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Near-close | ! Near-close | ||
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| a <span style="color:green">œ</span><ref>Alternative allophone of /ø/, though [ø] is still more widely used.</ref> || || <span style="color:blue">ɑ</span><ref>Wakki variant of Kimo [o].</ref> | | a <span style="color:green">œ</span><ref>Alternative allophone of /ø/, though [ø] is still more widely used.</ref> || || <span style="color:blue">ɑ</span><ref>Wakki variant of Kimo [o].</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
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Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word ''vesi''(''visi'' in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so: | Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word ''vesi''(''visi'' in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so: | ||
{{itou-standard|vesi|kimo=věsȉ|igkin=vɘ̌sȉ|wakki=vēsì|meaning1=bicycle<br>vehicle<br>two-wheeled vehicle<br>two wheels<br>(''coll.'') Dutch/Netherlands<br>Amsterdam<br>bridge for bicycles<br>bicycle path|meaning2=boat<br>ship<br>cargo ship<br>ship cargo<br>navy<br>sailor<br>(''rare'') United Kingdom<br>(''rare'') United States}} | {{itou-standard|vesi|kimo=věsȉ|igkin=vɘ̌sȉ|wakki=vēsì|meaning1=bicycle<br>vehicle<br>two-wheeled vehicle<br>two wheels<br>(''coll.'') Dutch/Netherlands<br>Amsterdam<br>bridge for bicycles<br>bicycle path|meaning2=boat<br>ship<br>cargo ship<br>ship cargo<br>navy<br>sailor<br>(''rare'') United Kingdom<br>(''rare'') United States}} | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal==== | |||
Personal pronouns are only used in Kimo dialects. In Wakki dialects, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation alone. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Person | |||
! First | |||
| ''ku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰú]]] || ''sagku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sáʔ.kʰȕ]]] | |||
|- | |||
! Second | |||
| ''seḵ''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sèq]<br>[sɘ̀q]]] || ''iḵḵim''<br>[[Help:IPA|[íqʼǐm]]] | |||
|- | |||
! Third | |||
| ''vu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[vù]]]|| ''sutvu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sút̪.vú]]] | |||
|} | |||
====Demonstrative==== | |||
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun they are describing. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Near !! Far | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''ki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰí]<br>[kʰǐ]]] || ''keḥki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkì]<br>[kʰě.ɦkì]]] | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''ka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰà]<br>[kʰǎ]]] || ''keḥka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkà]<br>[kʰě.ɦkà]]] | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||