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'''Moshurian'''([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is. | '''Moshurian'''([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is. | ||
Philologically, | Philologically, the language is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH. | ||
It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language. | It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language. | ||
==Usage== | |||
===In the Moshurian Empire=== | |||
Moshurian is the official language of the Moshurian Empire, and 98% of Moshurian speakers live in the Empire. However, demographically speaking, the Moshurians make up a much less impressive 43.6% of the total Moshurian Empire population, with other important ethnic groups including the Mezcoi in the Mezco Delta at 24.1% of the population and the Arnic people, although the majority live in the Moshurian vassal of Arnah, make up about 11.7% of the population and that number shoots up to 21.9% of the population if one includes Arnah. | |||
Though the 394BH Ethnic Minority Media and Information Transmission Bill legally mandates media to be translated into the majority language of any prefecture, Moshurian-majority prefectures are still the most economically developed and powerful, so many still learn Moshurian as a second language for work in these Moshurian-majority regions. | |||
As of 400 BH, there are 40,000,000 people who speak Moshurian as a second language out of a total speaker base of 450,000,000, or about 8.88% of the total Moshurian speaker population. | |||
===In the Iśatúr Confederacy=== | |||
The Iśatúr Confederacy, a tribal federation comprising mostly of tribes that speak [[Yeldhic languages#Sub-families|Ossic languages]], has a significant minority of Moshurian speakers in the south of the country, dating back to the Moshurian Empire's colonial efforts to "Moshurianise" the Empire from 96 BH-370 BH. | |||
About 84,000 people of the total population of 5,000,000 in the Confederacy spoke Moshurian in 400 BH, or around 1.98% of the population. | |||
===In Gegfen=== | |||
In the Far East of Birnu, a region called Gegfen is home to about 40,000 "Far East" Moshurians. Why they speak Moshurian so far away from Moshuria itself is a mystery, as the region was never occupied by the Moshurian Empire. | |||
Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''. | |||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
===Ancestors=== | ===Ancestors=== | ||
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The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩. | The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩. | ||
====Origin==== | ====Origin==== | ||
The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet. | The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet. | ||
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The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''. | The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''. | ||
====Abjad form==== | |||
The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an [[w:Abjad|abjad]] form, although this is mostly used by [[Kutic]] traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic script]], which itself is an abjad. | |||
The form mostly follows the rules of the [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic abjad]], such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position. | |||
The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small> | <small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small> | ||
===Loanwords=== | |||
Despite Moshurian being the dominant Yeldhic language by far, with basically every other language in Radael borrowing at the very least some words from Moshurian, it may come as a surprise that despite this, Moshurian has borrowed many, many words from all kinds of languages throughout its history. | |||
====Ilda's influence==== | |||
Moshurian has borrowed thousands of words from Ilda, mostly regarding medical and scientific studies. Some examples include: | |||
=====Medical terms===== | |||
* ''zudözaba'' from Ilda ''sudusāpas'', "tibia" | |||
* ''[[Contionary:milindya|milindya]]'' from Ilda ''[[Contionary:milendia|milendia]]'', "coronary heart disease", ''lit.'' "vein(''[[Contionary:mileni|mileni]]'') disease(''[[Contionary:dio|dio]]'')" | |||
* ''sagindya'' from Ilda ''sagindia'', "leukemia" | |||
* ''ranoskoi'' from Ilda ''ranoscan'', "medication" | |||
* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse" | |||
* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor" | |||
=====Non-medical terms===== | |||
* ''safhilon'' from Ilda ''saphilon'', "philosophy" | |||
* ''istakon'' from Ilda ''istāklon'', "strategy/military strategy" | |||
* ''makistu'' from Ilda ''machirstun'', "administration(archaic term)" | |||
* ''irkiman'' from Ilda ''irkimano'', "regulation(s)" | |||
* ''meşasel'' from Ilda ''meswasālia'', "physics and chemistry"(considered the same subject in Ilda) | |||
* ''estanik'' from Ilda ''estāniki'', "geology" | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Suffixes | |+ Suffixes | ||
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====Example==== | ====Example==== | ||
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}} | {{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}} | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number. | Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number. | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure. | Modern Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure. | ||
====Verb order==== | |||
In Moshurian, in the event of two verbs, the first, "initiating" verb('''V₁''') is conjugated based on the context, while the second('''V₂''') is in infinitive. However, many Moshurian speakers, especially in Maranösia, do not conjugate the second verb in infinitive, which is a defining feature of the region's vernacular. | |||
====Noun-adjective order==== | |||
Noun-adjective order is free, though most people put the adjective following the noun. | |||
===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the | Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Noun | ! rowspan=2 | Noun | ||
! Consonant-ending | ! Consonant-ending | ||
| rowspan=4 | - | | rowspan=4 | - | ||
| ''-éd'' | | ''-éd'' | ||
| rowspan=4 | ''ta-'' | | rowspan=4 | ''ta-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vowel-ending | ! Vowel-ending | ||
| ''-géd'' | | ''-géd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
====Tense particles==== | ====Tense particles==== | ||
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Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech. | Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech. | ||
====Sound changes==== | ====Sound changes==== | ||
* From /ð/ → [ | * From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern) | ||
* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern) | * From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern) | ||
* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/. | * In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/. | ||
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===Sépenzg dialect=== | ===Sépenzg dialect=== | ||
Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one | Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced /ʃ/. | ||
The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages. | The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages. | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||