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|name = Rówok
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|pronunciation = ro:wok
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|created = 2017
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'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].
'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].


It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].   
It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].   
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Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.


Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ğ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.
Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.




That gives us in Latin order:
That gives us in Latin order:


'''a b č d đ e g ğ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''
'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''


See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.
See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.
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|
|
|
|
| '''ğ''' /dʒ/
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
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:Participles
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)


====Consonant harmony====
====Consonant harmony====
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It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].  
It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].  


The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:
The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:


#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
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:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]


The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".
The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".


It is used in the following ways:
It is used in the following ways:
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====Locatives====
====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".


It is used in the following way:
They are used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as pure locatives
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]  
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]  


Like  the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].
Like  the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].
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:they are running '''on/along''' the snow
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow


With other phonemes at the end, for instance:
Or:


- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''
- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''
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:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)


:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)


====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
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It is used in the following ways:
It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative  
*as a pure instrumental and comitative  
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]


Like  the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.
¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".


===Nominal derivation===
===Nominal derivation===
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===Basics===  
===Basics===  
====Verbal number====
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:


*singular
*singular
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|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gağarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
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| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}}                || {{sc|rí ind, ind}}                  || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}}                || {{sc|rí ind, ind}}                  || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bálsŧari, kwgoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwgoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwgoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''     
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''     
|-
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis            || If it snows, I take my skis        || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis     
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis            || If it snows, I take my skis        || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis     
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| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}}                  || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}}                    || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}}                  || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}}                    || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bálsŧari, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''     
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''     
|-
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis     || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis     
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis     || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis     
|-
|-
|
|
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| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}}                    || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}}                      || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}}                    || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}}                      || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí baválsŧara, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''  || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt'''     
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''  || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''     
|-
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis    || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis     
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis    || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis     
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| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}}                          || {{sc|rí POT, POT}}                                || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
| {{sc|formula}}    || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}}                          || {{sc|rí POT, POT}}                                || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
|-
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwgoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''  || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwgoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''     
| {{sc|example}}    || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''  || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''     
|-
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis          || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis            || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis          || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis            || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
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*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwgoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."


*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if i ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).
*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).


===Participles===
===Participles===
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|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ğ'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
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|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ğ''' <= '''g'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
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|
|
|before
|before
|
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|regardless of
|
|
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#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).  
#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).  
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xğ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.


In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.
In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúğ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =  
|IPA =  
| morphemes = [pub-úğ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND  
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND  
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
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| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}}  || '''dẊžX'''  || '''pẊžX'''  || '''pẊmžX'''   
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}}  || '''dẊžX'''  || '''pẊžX'''  || '''pẊmžX'''   
|-  
|-  
| {{sc|caritive}}      || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}}  || '''dẊžX'''  || '''pẊšX'''  || '''pẊnšX'''  
| {{sc|caritive}}      || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}}  || '''dẊšX'''  || '''pẊšX'''  || '''pẊnšX'''  
|}
|}


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The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:


*'''''rúzğu''''', "not so much"
*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"


====As X as Y====
====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:


*'''''ğú''''', "so much"
*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam gú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú   
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú   
|IPA =
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ğú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young
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*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"


====Dog idioms====
====Dog idioms====
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*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goğówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Jukethatbox
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edits

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