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Rówok: Difference between revisions
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|name = Rówok | |name = Rówok | ||
|nativename = Rówok | |nativename = Rówok | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = ro:wok | ||
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]] | |creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]] | ||
|created = 2017 | |created = 2017 | ||
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'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]. | '''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]. | ||
It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]]. | It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]]. | ||
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It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]]. | It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]]. | ||
The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following: | The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following: | ||
#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part''' | #[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part''' | ||
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:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | :For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | ||
The ''' | The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
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====Locatives==== | ====Locatives==== | ||
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | |||
They are used in the following way: | |||
*as | *as pure locatives | ||
*as | *as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]] | ||
Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | ||
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:they are running '''on/along''' the snow | :they are running '''on/along''' the snow | ||
Or: | |||
- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín''' | - root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín''' | ||
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:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín''' | :3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms | :dog.pl.'''INE''' worms | ||
:there are worms '''in''' dogs ( | :there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms) | ||
:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín''' | :4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín''' | ||
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas | :dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas | ||
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs ( | :there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas) | ||
====Instrumental/(a)comitative==== | ====Instrumental/(a)comitative==== | ||
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It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
*as a pure instrumental and comitative | *as a pure instrumental and comitative | ||
*as a pure caritive and | *as a pure caritive and acomitative¹ | ||
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play''' | *as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play''' | ||
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | *along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | ||
¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking". | |||
===Nominal derivation=== | ===Nominal derivation=== | ||
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===Basics=== | ===Basics=== | ||
====Verbal number==== | ====Verbal number==== | ||
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles| | Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers: | ||
*singular | *singular | ||
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| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis | | {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}} | | {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt''' | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis | | {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis | ||
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#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b). | #Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b). | ||
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b). | #Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b). | ||
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''. | #Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''. | ||
In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure. | In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure. | ||
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| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX''' | | {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || ''' | | {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊšX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam | |phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú | | morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú | ||