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Rówok: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]] | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Rówok | |name = Rówok | ||
|nativename = Rówok | |nativename = Rówok | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = ro:wok | ||
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]] | |creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]] | ||
|created = | |created = 2017 | ||
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around | |setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE. | ||
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range | |region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
|nation = | |nation = | ||
|speakers = ~10,000 | |speakers = ~10,000 | ||
|date = | |date = ~1250 | ||
|familycolor = #F2DC77 | |familycolor = #F2DC77 | ||
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk | |fam1 = Proto-Ruk | ||
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'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]. | '''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]. | ||
It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]]. | It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]]. | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
===Setting=== | ===Setting=== | ||
[[File:Dogsled.jpg|thumb|right|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]] | [[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]] | ||
Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with. | Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with. | ||
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* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang | * a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang | ||
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories | * blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories | ||
**as an | **as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system | ||
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral) | *using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral) | ||
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots | *having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots | ||
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===Inspiration=== | ===Inspiration=== | ||
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]] | |||
Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish. | Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish. | ||
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Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it. | Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it. | ||
All of the sounds are found in English, save for /r̝/. | All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/. | ||
Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist. | Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic, | Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/. | ||
Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/. | |||
That gives us in Latin order: | That gives us in Latin order: | ||
'''a b č d đ e g i k l m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž''' | '''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž''' | ||
See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below. | See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below. | ||
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! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | ||
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! style="" |{{sc|stops}} | ! style="" |{{sc|stops}} | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | | '''p''' /p/ | ||
| '''b''' /b/ | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
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| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
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| '''n''' /n/ | | '''n''' /n/ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}} | ! style="" |{{sc|affricates}} | ||
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| | | '''ǧ''' /dʒ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ||
| | | | ||
| '''v''' /v/ | | '''v''' /v/ | ||
| | |||
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/ | |||
| '''ŧ''' /θ/ | | '''ŧ''' /θ/ | ||
| '''đ''' /ð/ | | '''đ''' /ð/ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|approximants}} | ||
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| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
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| '''l''' /l/ | | '''l''' /l/ | ||
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| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
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| '''r''' /r/ | |||
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| '''ř''' /r̝/ | | '''ř''' /r̝/ | ||
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All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems. | All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems. | ||
Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned. | |||
The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows: | The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows: | ||
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====Quadriliteral roots==== | ====Quadriliteral roots==== | ||
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems: | Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems: | ||
#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/ | #'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/ | ||
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Examples | Examples | ||
:Participles | :Participles | ||
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles| | *'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle) | ||
*'''yáŧkay''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle) | *'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle) | ||
====Consonant harmony==== | ====Consonant harmony==== | ||
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==Roots and principal parts== | ==Roots and principal parts== | ||
Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order: | |||
*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form''' | |||
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives. | |||
As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC. | |||
===Stems=== | |||
|- | Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech": | ||
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá'' | |||
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'' | |||
| | |||
| | ====Finite verbal stem==== | ||
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá'' | |||
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'' | |||
The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure. | |||
|- | It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]]. | ||
| | |||
====Participial stem==== | |||
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá'' | |||
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'' | |||
The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]]. | |||
====Vocative stem==== | |||
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá'' | |||
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú'' | |||
The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]]. | |||
====Ergative form==== | |||
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá'' | |||
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú'' | |||
The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure. | |||
It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case. | |||
====Oblique stem==== | |||
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá'' | |||
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú'' | |||
The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds. | |||
The oblique stem is used for the following: | |||
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] | |||
====Adverbial form==== | |||
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá''''' | |||
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú''''' | |||
The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways: | |||
*as a simple adverb | |||
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]] | |||
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | |||
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement | |||
For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]]. | |||
===Examples=== | |||
====A-stems==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !colspan=1| | ||
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá''' | ||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}} | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá''' | ||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}} | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" | | '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}} | ||
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná''' | |||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}} | ||
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | ||
| '''{{sc| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]: | |||
medial /a/: | |||
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna- | |||
Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern. | |||
|- | |||
| | With medial liquid: | ||
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná | |||
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá | |||
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá | |||
non-liquid medial: | |||
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá | |||
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá | |||
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb] | |||
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá | |||
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem | |||
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá | |||
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory). | |||
There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/: | |||
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá | |||
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá | |||
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná | |||
Roots with initial /a/: | |||
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá | |||
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá | |||
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá | |||
====O-stems==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !colspan=1| | ||
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú''' | ||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú''' | ||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}} | ||
| '''{{sc| | | '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú''' | ||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}} | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}} | ||
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}} | |||
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}} | |||
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/: | |||
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú | |||
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+ | |||
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage. | |||
final /w/: | |||
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú | |||
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw | |||
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú | |||
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/: | |||
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú | |||
*''' | Cw/r/lCC: | ||
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú | |||
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá | |||
The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel: | |||
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá | |||
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú | |||
==Nouns== | |||
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''. | |||
Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following: | |||
*case | |||
* | *number | ||
The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c | |||
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]]. | |||
For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]]. | |||
===Nominal number=== | |||
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers: | |||
*singular | |||
*dual | |||
* | *plural | ||
* | |||
* | |||
The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''. | |||
The plural infix is '''-in-'''. | |||
===Ratio casuum=== | |||
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form. | |||
It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]]. | |||
The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following: | |||
#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part''' | |||
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part''' | |||
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one" | |||
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch" | |||
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed" | |||
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift" | |||
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination" | |||
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place" | |||
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place" | |||
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool" | |||
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool" | |||
==== | ====Vocative==== | ||
The | The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]]. | ||
It is | It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure. | ||
It is used in the following way: | |||
*as a pure vocative | |||
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions | |||
The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases. | |||
The vocative stem is | |||
====Ergative | ====Ergative==== | ||
The ergative | The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | ||
It | It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure. | ||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb | |||
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]] | |||
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | |||
The | ====Similative==== | ||
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity". | |||
Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. | |||
It is used in the following way: | |||
*as a pure similative | |||
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions | |||
== | ====Partitive==== | ||
: | :For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | ||
The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch". | |||
Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as a pure partitive | |||
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | |||
There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''. | |||
So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''. | |||
:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]]. | |||
====Genitive==== | |||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | |||
The | The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive | |||
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns | |||
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | |||
=== | =====Benefactive===== | ||
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | |||
It is | It is used in the following ways: | ||
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative | |||
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor" | |||
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of" | |||
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on''' | |||
====Telic==== | |||
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]]. | |||
The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination". | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action | |||
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s) | |||
*as the subject of a passive verb | |||
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion | |||
==== | ====Locatives==== | ||
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | |||
They are used in the following way: | |||
*as pure locatives | |||
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]] | |||
Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | |||
[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]] | |||
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]] | |||
Examples: | |||
- root '''bls''', "snow": | |||
:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan''' | |||
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid | |||
:they are playing '''in''' the snow | |||
:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan''' | |||
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act | |||
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow | |||
Or: | |||
- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín''' | |||
:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín''' | |||
: | :dog.pl.'''INE''' worms | ||
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms) | |||
:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas | |||
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas) | |||
====Instrumental/(a)comitative==== | |||
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | |||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
*as a pure | *as a pure instrumental and comitative | ||
*as the object of a | *as a pure caritive and acomitative¹ | ||
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play''' | |||
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | |||
¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking". | |||
===Nominal derivation=== | |||
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem. | |||
They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives: | |||
==== | ====Productive derivatives==== | ||
: | [[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]] | ||
*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place | |||
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of") | |||
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive | |||
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color" | |||
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of''' | |||
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context | |||
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness''''' | |||
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency" | |||
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival''' | |||
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race" | |||
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig" | |||
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)" | |||
====Non-productive derivatives==== | |||
* | *'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix | ||
* | **'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber" | ||
* | *'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature'' | ||
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears" | |||
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects | |||
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc." | |||
<!-- | |||
*'''--''', used '''''' | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
*'''--''', used '''''' | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
*'''--''', used '''''' | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
*'''--''', used '''''' | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
*'''--''', used "" | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
*'''--''', used "" | |||
**'''''''''', "" | |||
--> | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms. | |||
Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry. | |||
: | |||
Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1| | |||
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}} | |||
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}} | |||
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}} | |||
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== | ==Adjectives== | ||
The | Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through: | ||
#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful" | |||
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish" | |||
#with [[#Participles|participles]] | |||
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]] | |||
Examples: | |||
#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively" | |||
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like" | |||
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..." | |||
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy") | |||
===Comparatives and superlatives=== | |||
: | ==Verbs== | ||
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''. | |||
Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]]. | |||
In all they are conjugated to show: | |||
#[[#Verbal number|number]] | |||
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural | |||
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]] | |||
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]] | |||
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]] | |||
#[[#Participles|participial action]] | |||
===Basics=== | |||
====Verbal number==== | |||
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers: | |||
*singular | |||
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive | |||
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive | |||
====Person==== | |||
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]]. | |||
==== | =====Inclusivity===== | ||
The | The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]]. | ||
====Voice==== | |||
* | There are three possible voices in Rówok: | ||
* | *'''active''' | ||
* | *'''middle''' | ||
*'''passive''' | |||
=====Active voice===== | |||
The active voice is used for the following: | |||
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action | |||
Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change. | |||
=====Middle voice===== | |||
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes. | |||
== | It is used for the following: | ||
#for the subject of stative verbs | |||
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding) | |||
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit | |||
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''') | |||
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc. | |||
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand''' | |||
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror''' | |||
Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]]. | |||
=====Passive voice===== | |||
The passive voice is used for the following: | |||
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action | |||
Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher). | |||
# | |||
== | ====Aspect==== | ||
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]]. | |||
These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below. | |||
From imperfective to perfective: | |||
*'''a''' => '''e''' | |||
*'''o''' => '''u''' | |||
The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like. | |||
===Irrealis stem=== | |||
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows: | |||
=== | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}} | |||
==== | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
= | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}} | |||
|'''arn- > ayarn-''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
= | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|stops}} | |||
| | |||
| '''parn- > payparn-''' | |||
| '''barn- > bavarn-''' | |||
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-''' | |||
| '''darn- > dađarn-''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
= | | '''karn- > kačarn-''' | ||
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''marn- > maymarn-''' | |||
| | |||
| '''narn- > naynarn-''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! | |||
| ''' | |||
| ''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 860: | Line 1,009: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|approximants}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| '''warn- > wavarn-''' | | '''warn- > wavarn-''' | ||
| '''larn- > | | '''larn- > laƚarn-''' | ||
| '''rarn- > | | '''rarn- > rařarn-''' | ||
| | | | ||
| '''yarn- > yayarn-''' | | '''yarn- > yayarn-''' | ||
| Line 872: | Line 1,022: | ||
The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form: | The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]: | ||
#the [[#Potential|potential]] | #the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]] | ||
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]] | #the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]] | ||
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]] | #the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]] | ||
#the [[#Optative|optative]] | #the [[#Optative|optative]] | ||
====Potential==== | which are then used to form the | ||
The potential | *the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]] | ||
====Moods==== | |||
=====Potential/Precative===== | |||
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc. | |||
The '''potential''' has two main functions: | |||
#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness. | |||
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc. | |||
The '''precative''' also has one main function: | |||
#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''". | |||
==== | =====Desiderative===== | ||
====Hortatory/Iussive==== | =====Hortatory/Iussive===== | ||
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix. | The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix. | ||
It's main use is: | |||
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker. | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = 1) | |phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = lo- | | morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t | ||
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1 | | gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1 | ||
| translation = let's talk, you and me | | translation = let's talk, you and me | ||
| Line 901: | Line 1,063: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan | |phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan | | morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan | ||
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL | | gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL | ||
| Line 909: | Line 1,071: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa | |phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a | | morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a | ||
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG | | gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG | ||
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear | | translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear | ||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
| Line 933: | Line 1,094: | ||
}} | }} | ||
--> | --> | ||
The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes. | =====Optative===== | ||
The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø | |||
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S | |||
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw | |||
}} | |||
====Subjunctive==== | ====Subjunctive==== | ||
=== | ===Conditionals=== | ||
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers. | |||
The chart below gives an outline, where: | |||
*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative''' | |||
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]''' | |||
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]] | |||
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]] | |||
The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| | !colspan=2| | ||
!{{sc| | !{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}} | ||
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}} | ||
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | !colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}} | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}} | ||
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
Notes: | |||
*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so: | |||
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''''' | |||
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now." | |||
====== | *The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo). | ||
===Participles=== | |||
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.'' | |||
Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]]. | |||
In that order: | |||
*'''singular, dual, plural''' | |||
*'''active, middle, passive''' | |||
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect''' | |||
: | *The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''. | ||
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''. | |||
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''') | |||
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions: | |||
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''. | |||
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!'''''). | |||
Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms. | |||
==Morphology and morphophonology== | |||
===Nominals=== | |||
=====Case morphophonology===== | |||
|- | [[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]]. | ||
| | This happens in the following way: | ||
|- | |||
*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb''''' | |||
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz''''' | |||
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX''''' | |||
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX''''' | |||
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''' | |||
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''' | |||
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/''' | |||
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/''' | |||
This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]]. | |||
====Declension tables==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=2| | ||
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}} | ||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | !colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}} | ||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan= | | {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad''' | ||
| {{sc| | |- | ||
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}} | |||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbals=== | |||
: | ======Middle voice morphophonology====== | ||
====Conjugation tables==== | |||
:A-stems: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan="2"| | !colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2"|{{sc| | !colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}} | ||
!colspan="2"|{{sc| | !colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| | !colspan=2| | ||
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}} | !{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}} | !colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}} | ||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || | | {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || | | {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 sg}} || | | {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 du}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 du}} || | | {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 pl}} || | | {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}} | !colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}} | ||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || | | {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || | | {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 sg}} || | | {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 du}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 du}} || | | {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 pl}} || | | {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}} | !colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}} | ||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || | | {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || | | {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 sg}} || | | {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 du}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 du}} || | | {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || ''' | | {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || ''' | | {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|3 pl}} || | | {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
:O-stems: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}} | |||
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| | !colspan=2| | ||
!{{sc| | !{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}} | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}} | |||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | | | ||
|} | |- | ||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}} | |||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}} | |||
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun''' | |||
|} | |||
====Participials==== | |||
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]]. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| | |||
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín | |||
|} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| | |||
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}} | |||
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín | |||
|} | |||
==== | ==Derivational morphology== | ||
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology. | |||
=== | ===Aspect and tense=== | ||
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way: | |||
== | From imperfective to perfective: | ||
*'''a => e''' | |||
*'''o => u''' | |||
Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word. | |||
*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root. | |||
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. | |||
All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes | |||
So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone: | |||
*'''yát''' - a runner | |||
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark) | |||
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''') | |||
*'''yátra''' - a former runner | |||
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner | |||
now combining: | |||
*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner | |||
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential) | |||
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit) | |||
most perverse: | |||
*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped | |||
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop | |||
The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf: | |||
*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running | |||
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running | |||
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run | |||
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past | |||
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future | |||
and of course the possible but ungodly: | |||
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't | |||
====Frequentative==== | |||
====Inchoative==== | |||
====Future==== | |||
====Past==== | |||
===Diminutives and augmentatives=== | |||
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories. | |||
====Diminutives==== | |||
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns. | |||
Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''. | |||
Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog). | |||
:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick". | |||
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp. | |||
As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,422: | Line 1,623: | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|stops}} | ||
| p => X | |||
| '''b''' => '''v''' | |||
| '''t''' => '''ŧ''' | |||
| '''d''' => '''đ''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''k''' => '''č''' | |||
| '''g''' => '''ǧ''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}} | |||
| | |||
| m=> X | |||
| | | | ||
| n=> X | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | | ||
| ''' | | '''s''' => '''š''' | ||
| | | '''z''' => '''ž''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|approximants}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''w''' => '''v''' | ||
| '''l''' => '''ƚ''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| y => X | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc|trills}} | ! style="" |{{sc|trills}} | ||
| Line 1,458: | Line 1,668: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''r''' => '''ř''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}} | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}} | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="" |{{sc|affricates}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''č''' <= '''k''' | |||
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc| | ! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}} | ||
| | | | ||
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | '''ƚ''' <= '''l''' | ||
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t''' | |||
| '''đ''' <= '''d''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | '''š''' <= '''s''' | ||
| | | '''ž''' <= '''z''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |{{sc|trills}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ř''' <= '''r''' | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals. | ||
Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process. | |||
=====Diminutive nouns===== | |||
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects | |||
This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]: | |||
===== | *[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv''''' | ||
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž''''' | |||
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)''''' | |||
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č''''' | |||
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi''''' | |||
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same''''' | |||
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)''''' | |||
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)''''' | |||
===== | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}} | |||
= | |- | ||
!colspan=2| | |||
== | !{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}} | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}} | |||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi''' | |||
|- | |||
== | | {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi''' | ||
|- | |||
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}} | |||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač''' | |||
- | |- | ||
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ''' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}} | |||
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn''' | |||
|- | |||
- | | {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam''' | ||
|- | |||
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa''' | |||
|} | |||
=====Diminutive verbs===== | |||
====Augmentatives==== | |||
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb. | |||
== | The most common are: | ||
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]]) | |||
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest | |||
Examples: | |||
* | * '''-yXš-''' | ||
* | ** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog" | ||
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run" | |||
* '''-nXč-''' | |||
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had" | |||
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon" | |||
=== | =====Augmented nouns===== | ||
=====Augmented verbs===== | |||
==Syntax== | |||
==== | ===Basics=== | ||
====Number==== | |||
There are three numbers in Rówok: | |||
*'''singular''' | |||
*'''dual''' | |||
*'''plural''' | |||
[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined. | |||
====Gender==== | |||
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]]. | |||
| | |||
The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word. | |||
====Person==== | |||
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]]. | |||
=== | ===Alignment=== | ||
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment. | |||
Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic. | |||
Examples: | ===Agency and Animacy=== | ||
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok: | |||
#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] | |||
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative | |||
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative | |||
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] | |||
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]] | |||
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.) | |||
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]] | |||
If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic. | |||
Examples: | |||
The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison. | |||
[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]] | |||
- root '''krp''', "to fight" | |||
:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan ''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID''' | |||
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves) | |||
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT''' | |||
:the dogs are fighting a bear | |||
:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | |||
:the bear is being fought by the dogs | |||
- root '''wkd''', "to kill" | |||
:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID''' | |||
:The dogs are killing each other | |||
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients* | |||
:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT''' | |||
:the dogs are killing a rabbit | |||
:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok''' | |||
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS''' | |||
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs | |||
===Telicity=== | |||
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system. | |||
#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]] | |||
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]] | |||
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]] | |||
In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy. | |||
Examples: | |||
#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)" | |||
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)" | |||
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)" | |||
===Constituent phrases=== | |||
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology]. | |||
Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases. | |||
[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below. | |||
====Copula==== | |||
There is no copula in Rówok. | |||
Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways: | |||
#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] | |||
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]] | |||
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective | |||
Examples: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase =1) kanarín zál | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø | |||
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG | |||
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal") | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á | |||
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV | |||
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth") | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa) | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a | |||
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF | |||
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy") | |||
}} | |||
====Noun phrase==== | |||
====Postpositions==== | |||
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis. | |||
Examples: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu | |||
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near | |||
| translation = near the forest | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú | |||
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP | |||
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu | |||
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far | |||
| translation = far from the woods | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú | |||
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP | |||
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods | |||
}} | |||
=====List of postpositions===== | |||
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern. | |||
Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive. | |||
As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel. | |||
The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of". | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}} | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}} | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}} | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}} | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}} | ||
| | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}} | ||
| | |||
| | |- | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}} | |||
| | |- | ||
|apud | |||
|'''kwutnu''' | |||
|- | |adjacent to | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''' | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | |across | ||
|'''čreze''' | |||
|along | |||
| | | | ||
| | |above | ||
| | | | ||
| | |according to | ||
|''' | |'''kewte''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |far from | ||
| | |'''pašu''' | ||
| | |depending on | ||
|'''irpvin''' | |||
|apud | |||
|'''kwotno''' | |||
|amid | |||
|'''kaylna''' | |||
|after | |||
| | | | ||
|alongside | |||
|'''owoš''' | |||
|- | |||
|from | |||
|'''iltu''' | |||
|near | |||
|'''tošu''' | |||
|onto | |||
| | | | ||
|among | |||
|'''keylne''' | |||
|against | |||
| | | | ||
|astride | |||
|'''uvuš''' | |||
|- | |||
|of | |||
| | | | ||
|next to | |||
| | | | ||
|over | |over | ||
| | | | ||
| | |between | ||
|''' | |'''tarku''' | ||
| | |around | ||
| | | | ||
| | |because of | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|off | |||
|'''vilnu''' | |||
|opposite | |||
| | | | ||
|through | |||
| | | | ||
|through | |||
| | | | ||
|before | |||
|'''ižin''' | |||
|regardless of | |||
| | | | ||
| | |- | ||
| | |out of | ||
|'''iza''' | |||
|prior to | |||
| | | | ||
|until | |||
| | | | ||
|throughout | |||
|'''kawta''' | |||
|behind | |||
|'''yalčni''' | |||
|thanks to | |||
|'''pwalžda''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |outside of | ||
| | | | ||
| | |pursuant to | ||
| | |||
|up to | |||
| | |||
|within | |||
| | |||
|below | |||
| | | | ||
|together, same side as | |||
|'''mukana''' | |||
|- | |||
|past | |||
| | | | ||
|subsequent to | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|over | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |via | ||
|'''kawta''' | |||
====Verb phrase==== | |- | ||
|since | |||
====Sentence phrase==== | | | ||
|thanks to | |||
===Fronting=== | | | ||
| | |||
===Negation=== | | | ||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | | | ||
| | |||
|under | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|up to | |||
| | |||
|versus | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|upon | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Verb phrase==== | |||
====Sentence phrase==== | |||
===Fronting=== | |||
===Negation=== | |||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | |||
Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below. | Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below. | ||
| Line 1,931: | Line 2,219: | ||
[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]]. | [[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]]. | ||
The word '''''áma''''' is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."''''' | The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."''''' | ||
Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''': | Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''': | ||
| Line 1,941: | Line 2,229: | ||
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which: | When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which: | ||
#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the genitive case. | #Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]. | ||
Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the partitive case | #Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix. | ||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t | |||
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S | |||
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t | |||
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S | |||
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all). | |||
}} | |||
====Negative fronting==== | ====Negative fronting==== | ||
| Line 1,991: | Line 2,295: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Wh- words=== | ===Wh- words=== | ||
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]]. | Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]]. | ||
:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced. | ====Interrogative particles==== | ||
==== | :'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced. | ||
====True wh- words==== | |||
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric. | |||
They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]. | |||
They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer. | |||
* | |||
:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
==== | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|who}} | |||
| '''pwóso''' | |||
| '''pós/pás''' | |||
| '''pwúsu''' | |||
| '''pús/pés''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|what}} | |||
| '''pwóno''' | |||
| '''pón/pán''' | |||
| '''pwúnu''' | |||
| '''pún/pén''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|when}} | |||
| '''pwóčdo''' | |||
| '''póč''' | |||
| '''pwúčdu''' | |||
| '''púč''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|where}} | |||
| '''pwóbo''' | |||
| '''póbo''' | |||
| '''pwúbu''' | |||
| '''púb''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|why}} | |||
| '''pwóčimo''' | |||
| '''póčim''' | |||
| '''pwúčimu''' | |||
| '''púčim''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Where, here, there==== | |||
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}} | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}} | |||
| '''pwóbo''' | |||
| '''twóbo''' | |||
| '''pábwa''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}} | |||
| '''pwóbzo''' | |||
| '''twóbzo''' | |||
| '''pábwaz''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}} | |||
| '''pwóbok''' | |||
| '''twóbok''' | |||
| '''pábwak''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Relativization==== | |||
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]]. | |||
#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b). | |||
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b). | |||
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''. | |||
In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure. | |||
[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]] | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND | |||
| translation = The dog that is running barked. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES | |||
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark). | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú) | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú) | |||
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES | |||
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling) | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú | |||
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES | |||
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú | |||
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES | |||
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a | |||
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND | |||
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines). | |||
}} | |||
<!-- | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = | |||
| gloss = | |||
| translation = | |||
}} | |||
--> | |||
=====Declension of relativizers===== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| | |||
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}} | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}} | |||
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX''' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊšX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX''' | |||
|} | |||
===Conjunctions=== | |||
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below. | |||
====Coordinating==== | |||
*'''órya''' - nam, for | |||
*'''tí''' - and | |||
*'''yún''' - nor | |||
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand | |||
*'''sú''' - or | |||
*'''álŧ''' - yet | |||
*'''žá/nú''' - so | |||
*'''wiká''' - moreover | |||
=====Correlative conjunctions===== | |||
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor | |||
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or | |||
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or | |||
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and | |||
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but | |||
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also | |||
====Subordinating conjunctions==== | |||
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if | |||
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to | |||
=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions===== | |||
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then | |||
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ | |||
====Clitics==== | |||
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below). | |||
#'''-kX/gX''', "and" | |||
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or" | |||
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]]) | |||
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not" | |||
Examples: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P | |||
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P | |||
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon | |||
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P | |||
|IPA = | |||
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which) | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon | |||
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P | |||
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?) | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya | |||
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG | |||
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person | |||
}} | |||
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož''''' | |||
<!-- | |||
{{Gloss | |||
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===Comparison=== | |||
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case. | |||
====More X than Y==== | |||
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are: | |||
*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than" | |||
====Less X than Y==== | |||
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are: | |||
*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much" | |||
====As X as Y==== | |||
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are: | |||
*'''''ǧú''''', "so much" | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú | |||
|IPA = | |||
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú | |||
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG | |||
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young | |||
*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words. | |||
*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative. | |||
}} | |||
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===Particles=== | |||
====Temporal==== | |||
:'''''murú''''', "today" | |||
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday" | |||
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago" | |||
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow" | |||
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow | |||
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day" | |||
:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now" | |||
:'''''tusú''''', "again" | |||
:'''''''''', "" | |||
:'''''''''', "" | |||
:'''''''''', "" | |||
:'''''''''', "" | |||
====Yá==== | |||
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways: | |||
#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence | |||
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already" | |||
==Numbers== | |||
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.''' | |||
Rówok uses a duodecimal system. | |||
There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely: | |||
*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns. | |||
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]] | |||
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc. | |||
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology | |||
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology | |||
{|class="wikitable | |||
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok | |||
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros | |||
|- | |||
!1 wúm | |||
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm''' | |||
|- | |||
!2 líy | |||
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy''' | |||
|- | |||
!3 áz | |||
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz''' | |||
|- | |||
!4 árd | |||
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd''' | |||
|- | |||
!5 wúr | |||
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr''' | |||
|- | |||
!6 yáz | |||
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz''' | |||
|- | |||
!7 sún | |||
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún''' | |||
|- | |||
!8 yárd | |||
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd''' | |||
|- | |||
!9 ták | |||
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík''' | |||
|- | |||
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit | |||
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír''' | |||
|- | |||
!Ɛ (11) brún | |||
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún''' | |||
|} | |||
==Colloquial Rówok== | |||
==Example texts== | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík. | |||
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø. | |||
| morphemes = | |||
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC. | |||
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee''' | |||
}} | |||
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Kúg ŧórp Žówoš, tó kút Amiríkabi rodónok, murú nú Sloviníybi zál. | |||
name-VOC me-BEN Josh, i-VOC/ERG man-VOC America-INES born-PP, today TOP Slovenia-INES living-PRESP | |||
My name is Josh, I am a man from America, now living in Slovenia. | |||
Gódoli ŧórp woktróli, záni-ka gársa, ti múk láyŧa. | |||
son-VOC.DU me-BEN strong-PRESP.DU, wife-VOC-CONJ great, and dog-VOC silly-PRESP | |||
I have two strong boys, a great wife, and a silly dog. | |||
Orwokímdo alapáymda-ga tlačínča wonróŧyot. | |||
languages-INST words-INST-CON furs-TEL hunt-1S.MID.IND | |||
I hunt my furs with languages and words. (to hunt one's furs=to make a living by) | |||
Dwopímdo vibropongod-go, kitaráymda ukililigúd-gu gánŧyat. | |||
drums-INST vibraphone-INST-CONJ, guitars-INST ukelele-INST-CONJ sing.DIM-1S-MID-IND, | |||
Bwokínroz zalínka pestenkínrez galnŧyat. | |||
bones-GEN animals-TEL bury.PP-GEN-PL adore-1S-MID-IND | |||
I love the animals of the buried bones (the native expression for "dinosaur", as Rówok speakers have no knowledge of modern paleontology*). | |||
*You could form "bukíštu", basically bone+ology, to mean paleontology. Otherwise to borrow the modern, international term, phonetically you could say "dinozowrínko galnŧyat" | |||
--> | |||
===Idioms=== | |||
*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person | |||
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass | |||
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse" | |||
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything" | |||
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears") | |||
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc. | |||
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you" | |||
====Dog idioms==== | |||
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]] | |||
As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them | |||
*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite" | |||
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night | |||
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility | |||
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes | |||
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot | |||
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around | |||
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes) | |||
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying | |||
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash | |||
: | ====Snow idioms==== | ||
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]] | |||
Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold. | |||
*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place" | |||
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir | |||
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die" | |||
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe" | |||
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder" | |||
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere" | |||
*''''' | |||
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==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||